2024年1月15日发(作者:)
一般现在时和现在进行时的比较
时态和时间是两个不同的概念。时间是一种客观存在的形式,它不依赖于任何一种特定的语言,为所有的文化共有。时态是一种语言的手段,依语言的不同而有所区别,它是属于动词的语法范畴。英语动词时态是以动词形式变化来表示句子中谈到的动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间。因此我们可以看到时态和时间两者间虽然有关系,但不可以混淆。
The plane leaves tomorrow morning. 飞机明晨起飞。
此句中的时态为一般现在时,但是它所表示的时间却为将来(明晨)
英语动词的常用时态总共有十六种:
一般现在时 现在进行时 一般过去时 过去进行时
一般将来时 将来进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时
将来完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
1. 一般现在时
一般现在时的形式
是以动词的原形表示的,当主语为第三人称单数时,做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or –es,
其构成方式列表如下:
情况 构成 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes
以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I,再加-es Tries, carries
但是,动词to be 和to have 的一般现在时的形式特殊如下:
一般动词的词形变化 To be 的词形变化 To have 的词形变化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.
You know it. You are a student You have a pen
He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen.
We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens.
一般现在时的功用
1. 表示一直发生的事情,经常发生的动作:
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
Excuse me, do you speak English?
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
It often rains in summer in Beijing.
2. 表示客观事实或者真理:
Birds fly.
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 谈论时间表、旅程表等,如:
What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 8 o’clock.
Tomorrow is Thursday.
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4. 谈论籍贯、国籍等,如:
Where do you come from?
I come from China. 你是哪国人?我是中国人。
Where do you come from?
I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪里人?我是广州人。
5. 询问或者引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信笺内容,如:
What does that notice say?
What does Ann say in her letter?
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.
Shakespears says, ―Neither a borrower or a lender be.‖
莎士比亚说:―既不要向人借钱,也不要借钱给别人。‖
现在进行时
现在进行时是由助动词to be 的现在时 + 现在分词构成:
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I am are (she) is (you,they) are working. I am not
are not (she) is not (you,they) are not working. Am I
working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working?
现在分词的构成,是在动词原形上加—ing, 但是应该注意:
情况 变化 例词
动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
动词以 —ee结尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
动词为单音节:以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Hit _
hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
动词为双音节或者多音节:最后一个音节为重读音节,以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾
辅音字母双写,再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
现在进行时的功用
1) 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.
Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more.
2) 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作,但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作
Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.
David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
这些动作,在说话时并不一定在发生或进行,而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的。
3)表示最近的确定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
At 10:15.
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Are you meeting her at the station?
I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式来表示。但是谈论已确定的安排时候,用现在进行时态显得更加自然,除非受到动词的功能的限制。在此,切不可用will, 如:
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
4) 和always 连用表示某种情绪,可能是厌烦也可能是赞扬,如:
Tom is always going away for weekends.
My husband is always doing homework.
有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作,一般不用于进行时。例如,我们一般不说 I am knowing,
而说 I know. 常见的这类动词有:
want like hate know see hear believe understand seem
think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have (拥有)belong
To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受
Do you like Beijing?
Do you see the rainbow?
I remember him very well.
I think I understand what he wants.
一般现在时和现在进行时的比较
一般现在时表示的是一般、重复的动作或者事情
现在进行时表示说话时或说话前后正在发生的动作或事情,如:
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.
Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis.
What do you do? 你是干什么工作的?
What are you doing here? 你在这里干什么?
一般现在时是表示经久的情况,而现在进行时表示的是暂时的,如:
My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years.
She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.
现在进行时专项训练:
定义:现在进行时一般表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作,简称动词ing形式,由be(am/is/are)+动词ing(也叫现在分词)构成谓语,be是助动词,帮助构成时态、语态及语气、否定句和疑问句。
句型结构:
1) 肯定句:主+be+动词ing+…… 2) 否定句:主+be+not+动词ing+……3) 一般疑问句:Be+主+动词ing+……? Yes, 主+be. No, 主+be not.4) 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + 相应be动词 + 主语 + 动词ing ……?eg. What are you doing? 你正在干什么?Who is singing a
song? 谁在唱歌呢?Why are they cleaning their room? 他们为什么在打扫房间?
现在进行时特殊疑问句的答语
回答特殊疑问时,根据不同的疑问词的情况来决定回答方式。回答what提问时,答语是现在进行时的肯定形式;回答who提问时,只需说明主语是谁,再加相应的be动词即可。
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eg. What is he doing? He is writing a letter. 他正在干什么?他正在写信。Who is swimming in
the lake? Jim is. 谁正在湖里游泳?吉姆正在游泳。
句型变化见下例:They are reading an English book.(肯) →They are not reading an English book.
(否)→Are they reading an English book? (一般) Yes, they are. No,they aren’t.→They are
reading an English book. (提问)→What are they doing?
Lisa and Tim are waiting for a bus.(肯)→ Lisa and Tim are not waiting for a bus.(否)→Are Lisa
and Tim waiting for a bus? (一般)Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. →Lisa and Tim are waiting for a
bus.(提问)→What are Lisa and Tim waiting for? →Lisa and Tim are waiting for a bus.(提问)Who are waiting for a bus?
动词ing(也叫动词现在分词)的变化规则
1. 一般在动词后直接加上-ing。例如:work→working, do→doing, talk→talking,drink→drinking,watch→watching, draw→drawing eat→eating
2. 以不发音e结尾的动词应先去掉e然后加-ing。例如:write→writing, skate→skating
have→having dance→dancing take→taking make→making
3.以ie结尾的动词,变ie为y加-ing。例如:lie→lying, die→dying
4.以重读闭音节结尾的动词,如果该单词末尾只有一个辅音字母,则应先双写该辅音字母,再加-ing。例如:begin→beginning, run→running, swim→swimming,
shop→shopping,get→getting,put→putting,forget→frogetting,sit→sitting要双写的动词一般满足下面三个条件:① 单词末尾的字母结构是―辅+元+辅‖;② 上述结构中的元音字母发短元音;③ 单词末尾的音节重读。 例如: run→running, begin→beginning
要点综述: 现在进行时的基本用法
1) 表示此时此刻现在进行的动作。与之连用的时间状语有―now‖―at the/this moment‖(现在、正在),―look (看),listen(听),‖:
Now, the students are having an English class. 同学们现在上英语课。
The teacher is teaching them English at the moment. 老师正在教他们英语。
2) 表示现阶段正在进行的动作,但说话的此刻不一定正在进行。与之连用的时间状语有―these days‖(最近/这些天)this week(这个星期), this month(这个月):
I’m studying English these days. 最近我一直在学英语。
3) 现在always,等副词连用,表示说话人带有赞赏或抱怨感***彩:
be always doing sth 总是做…… He is always talking at class. 他上课时总是说话。
要点综述: 现在进行时的使用场合(使用现在进行时的标志词)
1. 当句中出现的表示时间的词是now, at the moment (此刻、现在),look (看),listen(听),can’t you see(你看不见吗),it’s +几点钟(现在是几点钟)等时,表示句子要说明的是现在正在发生的事,动词应用现在进行时。
【例如】:①Linda's brother is watching TV in his bedroom now.
琳达的哥哥现在正在他的卧室里看电视。
②We're far from home. What are our parents doing at the moment?
③Look! Maria and Tom are dancing under the tree. 看!玛丽亚和汤姆正在树下跳舞。
④Listen! Our English teacher is singing the popular English song.
听!我们英语老师正在唱那首流行的英文歌曲。
⑤Many children are swimming in the river. Can't you see?许多小孩在河里游泳,你难道看不见吗?
⑥ It’s nine o’clock. We are having classes.现在是九点钟,我们正在上课。
2. 当句中出现的时间状语是these days(这些天), this week(这个星期), this month(这个月)等时,如果句子所要表达的意义是在这一阶段正在发生的事,则动词应用现在进行时。
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【例如】:①These days we are helping the farmers work on the farm. 这些天我们在农场帮农民们干活。
②They're having a test this week. 这一周他们在进行一次考试。
③Mr Cheng is visiting our village this month. 这个月程先生在我们村访问。
3. 注意根据上下文的暗示,句子的谓语动词可能应用现在进行时。
【例如】:
①— Where is Mr Wang? — 王先生在哪儿?
— Oh, he is reading a newspaper in the office.— 噢,他正在办公室看报。
(问句询问王先生在哪儿,应说明他现在在哪儿,故答句应说明他现在正在做的事,用现在进行时。)
②Is that boy Jack? — 那个男孩是杰克吗?
— No. Jack is doing his homework in the classroom. — 不是,杰克正在教室做作业呢。(答句中说明的杰克做作业的情况应发生在现在,应用现在进行时。)
③Be quiet, my father is listening to the radio.安静,我父亲正在听收音机。(父亲听收音机的情况正在发生,应用现在进行时。)
要特别注意有些动词没有进行时态
1、表示状态、思想、感情和感觉的动词,如:see, hear, love, know, want, hope, think等,没有进行时态。
2、当have/has作为―拥有‖时,没有进行时态,但表示―开会,吃饭,玩得高兴‖等意思时,可以用进行时表达。
eg. I am having many books. (这是错误的句子)
I am having a good time. (这才是正确的句子)
练习:
一. 按要求改写句子
1. The boy is playing basketball.否定句:________________ __________ __一般疑问句:_____________________ ____肯定回答:____________________ ____ __否定回答:__________________________对―is playing basketball‖提问:______ ______ ____ __________对―The boy‖提问:__________________
2. They are singing
现在完成时
§1 .现在完成时的构成
§2 .现在完成时的用法
§3 .使用现在完成时需注意事项..
现在完成时对于我们来讲是所有时态中最难掌握的一种。因为它并
不是表示发生于某一时间的事情,而是既涉及过去,又联系现在的一种
时态。请参见下列三个例句:
例:1.I live in Beijing.
我住在北京。
2.I lived in Beijing.
我住过北京。(我在北京住过。)
3.I have lived in Beijing.
我一直住在北京。
例1.的live 是一般现在式,表示―我现在住在北京‖这一事实。
例2.的lived 是过去式。这句只是表示在过去的某一时期我在北京住
过,至于现在住不住在北京则不清楚。
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例3.的have lived 是现在完成时,表示我在过去的某一时间开始住在
北京,现在也住在北京。表示从过去到现在的一种继续状态。
1 现在完成时的构成
现在完成时的形式是―have (has )+过去分词‖,表示继续、完了、
结果和经验等四种意思。
现在完成时的否定句是在have (has )的后面加上not ,疑问句是将have
(has )置于主语之前。
1 现在完成时的肯定句
句型:主语+have(has)+过去分词
We have lived in Beijing.
我们一直住在北京。
He has lived in Beijing.
他一直住在北京。
过去分词的三种用法
过去分词有下列三种用法(过去分词的构成详见第六章):
1.构成现在(过去)完成时
have (has )+过去分词~
I have written the letter.
我写完这封信了。
2.被动语态:参见第十三章
be + 过去分词~
He was looked after.他受到照顾。
3.用于形容词
This is a broken chair.
这是一张坏的椅子。
2 现在完成时的否定句
句型:主语+have (has )+not +过去分词~.
I have not seen the movie yet.
我还没看这部电影。
He hasn't been to Beijing since then.
从那时起,他就再也没来过北京。
注意
haven't =have not 读作[>O$HQC]
hasn't =has not 读作[>O$LQC]
We've =We have 读作[V!:H]
3 现在完成时的疑问句
句型:一般疑问句:Have (Has )+主语+过去分词~?
Have you finished the work ?
你已经做完这项工作了吗?
Yes ,I have. 是的,我已经做完了。
No ,I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。
Has she arrived here ?
她已经到这儿了吗?
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Yes ,she has 是的,他已经到了。
No ,she hasn't 不,她还没有到这儿。
特殊疑问句句型
特殊疑问词+have (has )+主语+过去分词~?
How many times have you been to the Great Wall ?
你去过长城几次?
2 现在完成时的用法
现在完成时《have (has )+过去分词》有以下的用法:
结束、结果:表示现在刚完成的动作。
继续:表示过去继续到现在的动作或状态。
经验:表示过去某时到现在的经验。
1 结束、结果
I have read the book already.
我已经读过这本书了。
表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。这一类
情况可以细致分为下述两种情况。
1.表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。常和just ,now ,already ,yet ,not ⋯
yet 等连用。
Li Ming has just turned off the light.
李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯关上了)
I've finished my homework now.
现在我已经做完作业了。(说明可以交作业或做别的了)
2. 表示过去动作的结果,现在仍残留着。一般不用时间状语。
I have lost my pen.
我把笔丢了。
(说明过去某时丢的,现在我还没找到这支笔)
She has become a teacher.
她已经当了老师。(说明她现在仍是老师)
2 继续
I have known him for ten years.
我认识他十年了。
表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,而且还能继续下去的动作或状态。
往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。如today ,this week (month ),lately ,
recently ,these days ,in the past few days ,during the last two weeks. since ,since
yesterday ,since 2 days ago ,since 1991 ,for a longtime ,for a month ,so far ,up to now ,till (until )now 等。
He has lived here for 30 years.
他住在这儿三十年了。(现在还住在这儿)
They've known each other since childhood.
他们从小彼此相识。(现在还继续往来)
How long have you studied English ?
你学英语多久了?(现在仍在学)
注意
问句时常用How long ⋯
3 经验
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He has never been ill in his life.
他一生中从未生过病。
表示从过去到现在之间曾经经历过的事情。常和often ,never ,ever ,
once ,twice ,three times ,before ,since 等连用。
I have been to the Summer Palace twice.
我曾经去过颐和园两次。
We have visited your school before.
我以前曾去过你们学校。
(过去的经历,但现在依然记得)
3 使用现在完成时需注意事项
使用be 动词的过去分词been 形成have (has )been ~,表示继续、经验等各种用法。
表示过去固定时间的状语,如~ago (~以前)、 yesterday (昨日)⋯⋯,以及以when 为首的疑问句,皆不可与现在完成时连用。
此外,在下文我们提出现在完成时使用时的数点注意事项。
1 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
I cleaned my room yesterday. 我昨天打扫了房间。
I have cleaned my room now. 我刚刚打扫过房间。
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示在过去做的动作,但现在完成时强
调这一动作与现在的关系,如对现在产生的结果、影响等。而一般过去
时则只表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系。所以,表示过去固定时
间的状语只能与一般过去时连用,而不能与现在完成时连用。
(×)I have gone shopping yesterday morning.
(○)I went shopping yesterday morning.
我昨天早上去逛街。
I saw her yesterday (morning ,evening )
我昨天(早上,晚上)看见过她。
必背!
过去时的其他时间状语
~a week ago.
~earlier this month.
~the other day.
~last week.
~in the morning.
~on Friday.
~just now.
I haven't seen her so far.
我至今以来没见过她。
必背!
现在完成时的其他时间状语
~up to now.
~till now.
~until now.
~since Monday.
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~since last week.
~since I came here.
~lately.
~recently.
~for a long time.
~these days.
~in the last few days.
Have you ever been to the Forbidden City before ?
你以前去过故宫吗?
Yes ,I have.
是的,我去过。
When did you go there ?
你什么时候去的?
注意
When ⋯?不与现在完成时连用。
Last week.
上星期。
I've just seen a horrible accident.
我刚刚看见了一件可怕的事故。
Oh ,what happened ?
噢,怎么啦?
A truck ran into a cyclist.
一辆卡车撞了一个骑自行车的人。
判断正误
2 点动词
It has been four years since his father died.
他父亲已去世四年了。
终止性动词(也叫点动词)表示的动作有一个终点,到了终点就不
能再延续,因此不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。
(×)I've left Shanghai for 3 days.
(○)I've been away from Shanghai for 3 days.
(○)I left Shanghai 3 days ago.
(○)It is (has been )3 days since I left Shanghai.
(此时要把点动词变为延续动词)
1. have (has )got
a. have got 形式上是现在完成时,实际上和一般现在时的have 意思相同。
He has got (=has )a slight headache.
他有点头痛。
Have you got (=Do you have )a light ?
有火吗?
b.―have got +不定式‖表示必须
We've got to use every precious minute for the four modernizations.
我们必须为四个现代化利用宝贵的每一分钟。
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2.如果现在完成时的谓语动词是点动词的否定式,则一般可以和表示
一段时间的短语for 连用。因为点动词的这种否定构成一种状态,而这一
状态是可以持续的。
必背!
常用的点动词
buy 买
borrow 借
leave 离开
join 参加
die 去世
marry 结婚
come 来
go 去
lose 失去
begin 开始
stop 停止
He hasn't left home for a month.
他已经有一个月未出门了。
(表示―足不出户‖这一状态)
I haven't seen you for a long time.
我已经有好久没看到你了。
(表示―不常见‖这一状态)
3 have (has )been to 与have (has )gone to
have (has )been to :去过某地(表示某人的一种经历),可以和once ,twice ,often ,never ,ever 连用。
have (has )gone to :去某地了 (说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地
的路途上或已在某地,所以一般说来此句型只用于第三人称),此句型
不能与上述时间状语连用。
(×)He has gone to America twice.
(○)He has gone to America.
(意思为他已经去了美国,现不在此地)
(○)He has been to America twice.
他去过美国两次。
注意
在美国,表示―曾经去过~‖也有使用have (has )gone to ~的用法。
4 过去完成时与现在完成时的比较
I have known him for three years.我认识他三年了。
I had known him when I was a student.
我当学生时,就已经认识他了。
过去完成时与现在完成时二者用法基本相同,但现在完成时以现在
的时间为基点,过去完成时则以过去的时间为基点,与现在无关,即过
去的过去。
I have finished my experiment.
我已经做完实验了。
(表示现在说话时已经做完实验)
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By six o'clock ,I had finished my experiment.
在六点以前,我就已经做完实验了。
(表示在过去的某一时间six o'clock 以前已经做完实验,与现在毫无
关系)
注意
过去完成时,主要用于间接引语中。
必背!
易混词组
How long 多久⋯⋯ How often 多久一次 How far 多远⋯⋯
(只指时间,不指距离)(指频率)(指距离)
How soon How many times
(指多长时间)(指次数)
Practice 实力测验
一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空
1 .He ________ (wait) for an hour.
2 .I ________ (not finish) the work yet.
3 .________ you ________ (know) him since then ?
4 .I ________ (hear) from my father recently.
5 .We ________ (be) there many times in the past 3 years.
6 .The sun ________ (rise) when we got there.
7 .They ________ (finish)the work by the end of last month.
8 .How long you ________ (stay) at home already
9 .I ________ (not read) the book before.
10 .He ________ just ________ (do) it.
11 .My sister ________ (walk) to school everyday last year.
12 .We ________ (have) an exam. again sometime next week.
13 .By 1993, we ________ (plant) 20,000 trees.
14 .Her sister ________ (go) to Shanghai. She ________ (leave) this
morning.
15 .My friend Wang Hai often ________ (swim) in the river.
16 .The writer ________ (finish) several story-books since 1980.
17 .I asked my mother ________ she ________ (come) back soon.
18 .What ________ you ________ (do)when I called you ?
19 .Don't cry! Our teacher ________ (go) over his lessons.
20 .He just ________ (have) his breakfast.
21 .I believe that our volleyball team ________ (be)back in a week.
22 .The famous scientist ________ (reach) Beijing two days ago.
23 .We'll go to visit the museum if it ________ (not rain) tomorrow.
24 .I saw my friend when I ________ (walk) in the street.
25 .Look, the boys ________ (play) on the play ground.
26 .He ________ (live) in his hometown since he left here.
27 .He ________ (go) to see his grandfather last Sunday.
28 .When we got to the classroom, the class ________ (begin).
二、汉译英
1 .我听说你姐姐结婚了,是真的吗?
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是的,她已经结婚五年了。他和一个医生结婚了。
2 .你哥哥参军了吗?
他参军了。
他什么时候参军的?
他是1990 年参军的,他参军已经五年了。
3 .你父亲在哪儿?他在家吗?
他不在家,他去美国了。他是三年前去的,他在那已经呆了三
年多了。
三、词形变化
1 .watch (现、单、三形式)________
2 .study (现在分词)________
3 .fall (过去式)________
4 .drive (现在分词)________
5 .become (过去分词)________
6 .play (现、单、三形式)________
7 .write (过去分词)________
8 .hear (过去式)________
9 .broken (原形)________
10 .read (过去分词)________
四、按要求变换句型
1 .Is Tom's bike new?(肯定回答)
2 .There are come English books in the desk.(一般疑问句)
3 .He has tea at half past two in the afternoon.(否定句)
4 .It will take the workers more than a month to repair the bridge.
(对划线部分提问)
5 .I did my homework by myself yesterday.(一般疑问句)
6 .He had done with the goods before he went away.(否定句)
7 .The teacher was talking with Tom's mother.(对划线部分提问)
8 .I'm allowed to watch TV at home only once a week. (对划线部分提问)
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态
The Future-in-the-Past Tense
结构:过去将来时由助动词should/would+动词原形构成。
Would常简缩为'd, 如I'd, you'd,he'd等;would not常缩写为wouldn't。
提示:注意第一人称用should, 其他人称用would
(在美国,甚至在英国,第一人称也常用would)。
用法:过去将来时表示过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
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过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如:
I didn't know if he would come.
They never knew that population would become a big problem.
She didn't tell me where she would go.
Betty said she would visit the Great Wall next Saturday.
过去将来时也可以用was/were going to +动词原形来表示。如:
I wasn't sure whether she was going to speak at the meeting.
I was sure that they were going to do that.
注:从过去某时看将来要发生的事,还有一些其他的表达形式。
He didn't say when she was coming.
The teacher said that we were having a holiday next Monday.
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时主要是表示发生在过去的
事的影响一直持续到现在,一般过去时单纯表示发生在过去,没有表示产生的影响
一般过去时单纯表示发生在过去,没有表示产生的影响
另外:(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。
(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用,表示在某一时间发生谋事。如:yesterday, last week, two
years ago, just now, in 2002等;而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this
week, , 等表示一段时间的状语连用,只能和时间段连接。
例如:I _________(finish)my job yesterday,so I am free now
这里只能用finished,因为是时间点yesterday,不是时间段
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