2024年2月20日发(作者：)
》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《
2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the
ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think
quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of
time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain
changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in
fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.
The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000
middle-to-oIder-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year
period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid
intelligence as the years 11 .
For women, lhe association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men.
the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps
lead to different 15 for men and women.
16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order
to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended litestxdc approaches are maintaining or
increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates
highly processed foods.
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Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A. B. C or D. Mark your
answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
How can Britain* s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger lares? It has become a
grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on
those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year' s rise an average of 2.7
percent, maybe a fraction lower than last year' s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er (CPI)
measure of inflation
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》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing iii and running
the rail network. Should be bome by those who use it. rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes,
should a car-driving pensioner fiom Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey?
Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East, many of whom will face among the biggest
rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the
Mid lands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in
years. It is all very well train operators tmmpeting the improvements they are making to lhe network, but passengers
should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The
responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines. However, there is a strong case that those who have
been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
Tlie Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement, so that even
when strikes occur,services can continue to operate This should from part of a wider package of measures to address
the long-running problems on Britain' s railways. Yes. more investment is needed bul passengers will not be willing
to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos when
time tables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. They threat of nationalization may
have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in
short order.
author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger tares
21.
The
kept pace with inflation.
[A]
has
a big surprise to commuters.
[B]
is
an unreasonable measure.
[C]
remains
ease train operators burden.
[D]
will
stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for
22.
The
travelers.
[A]
rail
[B]
car drivers.
[C]
local investors.
taxpayers.
[D]
ordinary
is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators
23.
It
suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.
[A]
have
failed to provide an adequate service.
[B]
have
offering compensation to commuters.
[C]
are
[D| are trying to repair relations with the unions
unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face（本题有争议）
24.
If
loss of investment.（网络答案）
[A]
the
collapse of operations.（海文考研）
[B]
the
reduction of revenue.
[C]
a
change of ownership.（何凯文答案）
a
[D]
of the following would be the best title for the text?
25.
Which
Are to Blame for the Strikes?
[A]
Who
Complaining Doesn't Work
[B]
Constant
Nationalization Bring Hope?
[C]
Can
ever-rising fares Aren't Sustainable
[D]
A
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia's bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace. One
reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain
conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or gel regular medical care. Called conditional cash
transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.
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They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia. the programme has provided enough food
and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But the CCT programs don't generally consider eftects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and
environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins
University.
That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the
environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect.
l*hc only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the
traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for
meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's
poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the
world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Fenaro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 一 including during Indonesia's
phase-in of the aiitipoverty program 一 in 7.468 forested villages across 15 provinces. "We see that the program is
associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation, Farrow says.
That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement
weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their
harvest. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other
parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of
transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this
program didn't reduce poverty. Ferraro says, "the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide
emissions alone is more than the program costs"
to the first paragraph, CCT programmes aim to
26.
According
reform
[A]
Facilitate health-care
poor Fmilies get better off
[B]
help
local education systems
[C]
Improve
deforestation rales
[D]
lower
study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that .
27.
The
raising has been a major livelihood fbr the poor
[A]
cattle
programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles
[B]
CCT
eftbrts require the participation of local flirmers
[C]
antipoveily
[D]
economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
his study about Indonesia, Farrow intends to find out
28.
In
level of CCTs
[A]
its acceptance
annual rate of poverty alleviation
[B]
its
relation of CCTs to its forest loss
[C]
the
role of its forests in climate change
[D]
the
.
to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in. that
29.
According
[A] it will benefit other Asian countries
|B| it will reduce regional inequality
can protect the environment
[C]
it
can benefit grain production
[D]
it
is the text centred on?
30.
What
effects of a program.
[A]
The
debates over a program.
[B]
The
process of a study.
[C]
The
transfer-ability of a study.
[D]
The
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Text3
As a historian who's always searching for the lest or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I've become
preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what bettei' way to shatter the
image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and — since I started posting them on Twitter 一 they have
been causing quite stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could, and did, laugh.
They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that
separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians‘makes up only a tiny percentage of the
vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters
posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we
explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the
daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to
complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shitted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought holding a fixed
grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare
became the norm.
But exposure ties were much quicker by the 1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable
cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous
smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s so we must look elsewhere fbr an explanation of why Victorians
still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. "Nature gave us lips to
conceal our teeth.n
ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry
mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular "pearly whites" was a
rare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall
perfonners might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll,s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a
becoming look fbr properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh, said that when it
came photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed IbTever”.
to paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter .
31.
According
the development of Victorian photography
A.
illustrated
social media's tole in Victorian studies
B.
highlighted
the Victorian's notion of public image
C.
re-evaluated
people's impression of the Victorians.
D.
changed
does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
What
32.
A.
They are rare among photograph of that age
show effect of different exposure times
B.
They
mirror 19th-century social conventions
C.
They
arc in popular use among historians
D.
They
miglit have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the 1890s?
What
33.
inherent social sensitiveness
A.
Their
tension before the camera
B.
Their
unhealthy dental condition
C.
Their
distrust of new inventions
D.
Their
Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was
Mark
34.
thought-provoking idea
A.
a
misguide attitude
B.
a
vies
C.
a controversial
deep-rotted belief
D.
a
.
of the following questions does the text answer?
Which
35.
did most Victorians look stem in photographs?
A.
Why
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》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《
When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?
made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?
C.
What
did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?
D.
How
Text 4
From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable
and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over
their rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand fbr rules that would prevent broadband providers from
picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the
Internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill- in part because of push-back from broadband providers
anti -regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court unchanged in again. Tuesday, but instead of
providing a badly needed resolution. It only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
dirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications (FCC.) on net neutrality, adopted on a
partyline vote in 2017. The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had
adopted. When it had a democratic majority in2015. But rejected the commission's authority. To require broadband
providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate
broadband providers either.
The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a
broadband-providing conglomerable like ATRT favors its own video- stressing service at the expense of Notfish and
Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday, the appeals court. Unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband, provides citing a
Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulaling more. Bui Judge. Patricia Millett rightly argued
in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities of modem broadband service", and said
Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.
In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules. On not neutrality, while
preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between the Justice Department and California
when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC's abdication.
The endless legal battles and back- and -forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the
commission explicit authority once and fbr all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their
network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
has long been concern that broadband providers would
36.
There
web-based firms under control
A.
bring
partiality in treating clients
B.
show
down the traffic on their network
C.
slow
competition with their rivals
D.
intensify
B.
with the demand fbr net neutrality rules, the FCC
Faced
37.
an anti-regulatory stance
A.
takes
to an out-of-date order
B.
sticks
issued a special resolution
C.
has
allowed the states to intervene
D.
has
can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
What
38.
engages in anti-competitive practices
A.
It
protects against unfair competition
B.
It
is under the FCC's investigation
C.
It
D.
It is in pursuit of quality service
Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision
Judge
39.
on trivialities
A.
focuses
an ambiguous message.
B.
conveys
out of touch with reality
C.
is
at odds with its earlier rulings.
D.
is
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》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《
does the author argue in the last paragraph?
What
40.
providers' rights should be protected
A.
Broadband
he FCC should be put under strict supen ision
B.
l
need to be set to diversify online services
C.
Rules
needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
D.
Congress
PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one
from the fist A-G to lit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the
blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (Al) is typically depicted as something sinister that will
upend our way of life. When it comes to Al in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the
impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is Al changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve
doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?
A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies
currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few
ways Al is aiding companies without replacing employees:
Better hiring practices
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. "There
are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews arc much more biased than what Al does," says
The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake
Pedro Domingos, author of
Our World
and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, "(41) G " One
company that's doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring
process
More effective marketing
Some Al software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company
in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open
rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) C These are 'lools that help people use data, not a
replacement for people," says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science al MIT.
Saving customers money
Energy companies can use Al to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping
the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.
Insurance companies. meanwhile, can base their premiums on Al models that more accurately assess risk. Domingos
says, "(43) E "
Improved accuracy
"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable/' says
Winston. It "helps people make smarter decisions."(44) B
Protecting and maintaining infrastructure
A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use Al image processing technology to
inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix
them, it's very expensive/' says Domingos. "(45) D "
l replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have Al go out and look for
relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.
accounting firm. EY, uses an Al system that helps review contracts during an audil. This process, along
B.
One
with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.
C.
There are also companies like Acquisio. which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels
like Adwords. Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising ftinds will yield
best results.
want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useRil for employees to go to.
D.
You
they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would
E.
Before,
charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.
F.
We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something
A.
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》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《
beyond human scale.
at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising
G.
Al looks
candidates.
PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers
on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modem Western sociclies.(46)Thosc societies
came out of the war wilh levels of cnrollmenl lhai had been roughly constant at 3-5 of the relevant age groups
during the decades befbre the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising our of the successful
war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of
graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry
to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university befbre the
war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s
and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.
The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in tum have
given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48)in many counties of Western Europe,
the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again
absolute size
in seven, eight. or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the both of
proportion of the relevant age
systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the
group
enrolled in institutions of higher education.
Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth
rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization.
When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49)and when the new
staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of
academic life in that faculty, And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a
close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief
socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the
institution -this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50)High growth rates
increased the chances for academic innovation， they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and
students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and
1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance anangements, with the empowerment of
junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
46. 战争结束后，这些社会的入学率在战前的几十年里一直保持在相关年龄段的 3-5 。
47. 这些社会对接受高等教育的需求上升，延伸到了那些在战前没有想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。
48. 在许多西欧国家，接受高等教育的学生人数在 20 世纪 60 年代五年内翻了一番，到 70 年代中期，在 7 年、8 年或 10 年里又翻了一番。
49. 当新员工主要是年轻的男女刚从研究生阶段的学习，很大程度上决定了该学院学术生活的规范。
50. 高增长率增加了学术创新的机会，也削弱了教师和学生在稳定或缓慢增长时期进入学者群体的形式和过程。
Section III Writing
Part A
51.
Directions：
A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her
an email to make some suggestions.
You should write about 100 words on lhe ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email. Use "Li Ming" instead. (lOpoints)
Part B
52.
Directions：
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
the picture briefly,
1)
describe
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》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《
2)
explain its intended meaning and
3)
give your comment
51.【参考范文】Dear Jack,
I am exceedingly delighted to hear the news that you have graduated from Beijing University and want to seek a
job in China. I am writing this email to come up with some suggestions about it.
First of all, it would be better if you read some guidebooks concerning tips of interviews, rituals and writing
resumes, especially those written by Jin Zhengkun, which can not only provide abundant knowledge about principles
of hunting for a job, but also enhance your classical communication skills. Additionally, it is also advisable to log in
some apps to seek jobs, such as Zhilian Zhaopin and Boss, which can not only provide prompt information about
posts, but also enrich your related experience.
I hope you can find my suggestions effective and adopt them. I am looking forward to your reply..
Sincerely yours, Li Ming
Part B (20 points)
52.【参考范文】
As is distinctively depicted in the illustrating cartoon, a father is answering his child's question. The kid, wearing
beautiful costumes and holding a long stick, tells his father that many of his classmates feel tired of learning to act in
an opera. And his father takes the attitude that he can learn it since he likes it. It is obvious that the kid can choose
what he learns according to his hobby and interest.
What a wise man once put happens to be the implication of the cartoon: making efforts according to your
hobbies and interests can make remarkable success. In other words, the industrious and insightful individual will
never fail to stress the fundamental role of interests when choosing career. This can be exemplified by the case of
Elon Musk. As the president of the Space X and Tesla, he is convinced that it is his interest to explore the deep space
that significantly contributes to his present achievement, making it easier for him to survive in this competitive
commercial world. No wonder the author intends to warn us to choose our career and make efforts based on our
hobbies.
I used to wonder and ponder whether I could make decisions based on my interest. With the enlightenment
from the picture, I am determined to spare no efforts to stick to this principle without any hesitation. Therefore, with
the good fortune from my interest, I can proceed more smoothly and realize my dreams more rapidly.
基
考
》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《
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