2024年2月20日发(作者：)
毕业设计说明书
英文文献及中文翻译
学生姓名： 学号：1021040330
学 院：
软件工程
专 业：
指导教师：
2021 年 6 月
Introduction to Linux
1.1 History
1.1.1 UNIX
In order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back in time, about 30
Imagine computers as big as houses, even stadiums. While the sizes of those computers posed substantial problems, there was one thing that made this even worse: every computer had a different operating system. Software was always customized to serve a specific purpose, and software for one given system didn't run on another system. Being able to work with one system didn't automatically mean that you could
work with another. It was difficult, both for the users and the system administrators.
Computers were extremely expensive then, and sacrifices had to be made even after the original purchase
just to get the users to understand how they worked. The total cost of IT was enormous.
Technologically the world was not quite that advanced, so they had to live with the size for another decade. In 1969, a team of developers in the Bell Labs laboratories started working on a solution for the software problem, to address these compatibility issues. They developed a new operating system, which was
simple and elegant
written in the C programming language instead of in assembly code
able to recycle code.
The Bell Labs developers named their project "UNIX."
The code recycling features were very important. Until then, all commercially available computer systems were written in a code specifically developed for one system. UNIX on the other hand needed only
a small piece of that special code, which is now commonly named the kernel. This kernel is the only piece of code that needs to be adapted for every specific system and forms the base of the UNIX system. The operating system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higher programming
language, C. This language was especially developed for creating the UNIX system. Using this new technique, it was much easier to develop an operating system that could run on many different types of hardware.
The software vendors were quick to adapt, since they could sell ten times more software almost effortlessly. Weird new situations came in existence: imagine for instance computers from different vendors communicating in the same network, or users working on different systems without the need for extra education to use another computer. UNIX did a great deal to help users become compatible with different systems.
Throughout the next couple of decades the development of UNIX continued. More things became possible to do and more hardware and software vendors added support for UNIX to their products.
UNIX was initially found only in very large environments with mainframes and minicomputers (note that a PC is a "micro" computer). You had to work at a university, for the government or for large financial corporations in order to get your hands on a UNIX smaller computers were being developed, and by the end of the 80's, many people had home computers. By that time, there were several versions
of UNIX available for the PC architecture, but none of them were truly free.
1.1.2 Current application of Linux systems
Today Linux has joined the desktop market. Linux developers concentrated on networking and services in the beginning, and office applications have been the last barrier to be taken down. We don't like to admit that Microsoft is ruling this market, so plenty of alternatives have been started over the last couple of years to make Linux an acceptable choice as a workstation, providing an easy user interface and MS compatible office applications like word processors, spreadsheets, presentations and the like.
On the server side, Linux is well-known as a stable and reliable platform, providing database and trading services for companies like Amazon, the well-known online bookshop, US Post Office, the German
army and such. Especially Internet providers and Internet service providers have grown fond of Linux as firewall, proxy- and web server, and you will find a Linux box within reach of every UNIX system administrator who appreciates a comfortable management station. Clusters of Linux machines are used in the creation of movies such as "Titanic" , "Shrek" and others. In post offices, they are the nerve centers that route mail and in large search engine, clusters are used to perform internet are only a few of the thousands of heavy-duty jobs that Linux is performing day-to-day across the world.
It is also worth to note that modern Linux not only runs on workstations, mid- and high-end servers,
but also on "gadgets" like PDA's, mobiles, a shipload of embedded applications and even on experimental wristwatches. This makes Linux the only operating system in the world covering such a wide range of hardware.
1.2 The user interface
1.2.1 Is Linux difficult?
Whether Linux is difficult to learn depends on the person you're asking. Experienced UNIX users will say no, because Linux is an ideal operating system for power-users and programmers, because it has been and is being developed by such people.
Everything a good programmer can wish for is available: compilers, libraries, development and debugging tools. These packages come with every standard Linux distribution. The C-compiler is included for free, all the documentation and manuals are there, and examples are often included to help you get started in no time. It feels like UNIX and switching between UNIX and Linux is a natural thing.
In the early days of Linux, being an expert was kind of required to start using the system. . It was common practice to tell a beginning user to "RTFM" (read the manuals). While the manuals were on every system, it was difficult to find the documentation, and even if someone did, explanations were in such technical terms that the new user became easily discouraged from learning the system.
The Linux-using community started to realize that if Linux was ever to be an important player on the operating system market, there had to be some serious changes in the accessibility of the system.
1.2.2 Linux for non-experienced users
Companies such as RedHat, SuSE and Mandrake have sprung up, providing packaged Linux distributions suitable for mass consumption. They integrated a great deal of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), developed by the community, in order to ease management of programs and services. As a Linux user today you have all the means of getting to know your system inside out, but it is no longer necessary to have that
knowledge in order to make the system comply to your requests.
Nowadays you can log in graphically and start all required applications without even having to type
a single character, while you still have the ability to access the core of the system if needed. Because of its structure, Linux allows a user to grow into the system: it equally fits new and experienced users. New users are not forced to do difficult things, while experienced users are not forced to work in the same way they did when they first started learning Linux.
While development in the service area continues, great things are being done for desktop users, generally considered as the group least likely to know how a system works. Developers of desktop applications are making incredible efforts to make the most beautiful desktops you've ever seen, or to make your Linux machine look just like your former MS Windows or MacIntosh workstation. The latest developments also include 3D acceleration support and support for USB devices, single-click updates of system and packages, and so on. Linux has these, and tries to present all available services in a logical form that ordinary
people can understand.
1.3 Does Linux have a future?
1.3.1 Open Source
The idea behind Open Source software is rather simple: when programmers can read, distribute and
change code, the code will mature. People can adapt it, fix it, debug it, and they can do it at a speed that dwarfs the performance of software developers at conventional companies. This software will be more flexible and of a better quality than software that has been developed using the conventional channels, because more people have tested it in more different conditions than the closed software developer ever can.
The Open Source initiative started to make this clear to the commercial world, and very slowly, commercial vendors are starting to see the point. While lots of academics and technical people have already been convinced for 20 years now that this is the way to go, commercial vendors needed applications like the Internet to make them realize they can profit from Open Source. Now Linux has grown past the stage where it was almost exclusively an academic system, useful only to a handful of people with a technical background. Now Linux provides more than the operating system: there is an entire infrastructure supporting
the chain of effort of creating an operating system, of making and testing programs for it, of bringing everything to the users, of supplying maintenance, updates and support and customizations, etcetera. Today, Linux is ready to accept the challenge of a fast-changing world.
1.3.2 Ten years of experience at your service
While Linux is probably the most well-known Open Source initiative, there is another project that contributed enormously to the popularity of the Linux operating system. This project is called SAMBA, and its achievement is the reverse engineering of the Server Message Block (SMB)/Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol used for file- and print-serving on PC-related machines, natively supported by MS
Windows NT and OS/2, and Linux. Packages are now available for almost every system and provide interconnection solutions in mixed environments using MS Windows protocols: Windows-compatible (up to and including Win2K) file- and print-servers.
Maybe even more successful than the SAMBA project is the Apache HTTP server project. The server runs on UNIX, Windows NT and many other operating systems. Originally known as "A PAtCHy server" , based on existing code and a series of "patch files" , the name for the matured code deserves to be connoted with the native American tribe of the Apache, well-known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and inexhaustible endurance. Apache has been shown to be substantially faster, more stable and more feature-full than many other web servers. Apache is run on sites that get millions of visitors per day, and while no official support is provided by the developers, the Apache user community provides answers to all your questions. Commercial support is now being provided by a number of third parties.
In the category of office applications, a choice of MS Office suite clones is available, ranging from partial to full implementations of the applications available on MS Windows workstations. These initiatives helped a great deal to make Linux acceptable for the desktop market, because the users don't need extra
training to learn how to work with new systems. With the desktop comes the praise of the common users,
and not only their praise, but also their specific requirements, which are growing more intricate and demanding by the day.
The Open Source community, consisting largely of people who have been contributing for over half
a decade, assures Linux' position as an important player on the desktop market as well as in general IT application. Paid employees and volunteers alike are working diligently so that Linux can maintain a position in the market. The more users, the more questions. The Open Source community makes sure answers keep coming, and watches the quality of the answers with a suspicious eye, resulting in ever more stability and accessibility.
1.4 Properties of Linux
1.4.1 Linux Pros
A lot of the advantages of Linux are a consequence of Linux' origins, deeply rooted in UNIX, except
for the first advantage, of course:
Linux is free:
As in free beer, they say. If you want to spend absolutely nothing, you don't even have to pay the price of a CD. Linux can be downloaded for free from the
registration fees, no costs per user, free updates, and freely available source code in case you
want to change the behavior of your system.
Most of all, Linux is free as in free speech:
The license commonly used is the GNU Public License (GPL). The license says that anybody who may want to do so, has the right to change Linux and eventually to redistribute a changed version, on the one condition that the code is still available after redistribution. In practice, you are free to grab a kernel image, for instance to add support for teletransportation machines or time travel and sell your new code, as long as your customers can still have a copy of that code. Linux is portable to any hardware platform: A vendor who wants to sell a new type of computer and who doesn't know what kind of OS his new machine
will run (say the CPU in your car or washing machine), can take a Linux kernel and make it work on his hardware, because documentation related to this activity is freely available. Linux was made to keep on running: As with UNIX, a Linux system expects to run without rebooting all the time. That is why a lot of tasks are being executed at night or scheduled automatically for other calm moments, resulting in higher availability during busier periods and a more balanced use of the hardware. This property allows for Linux
to be applicable also in environments where people don't have the time or the possibility to control their systems night and day. Linux is secure and versatile: The security model used in Linux is based on the UNIX idea of security, which is known to be robust and of proven quality. But Linux is not only fit for use
as a fort against enemy attacks from the Internet: it will adapt equally to other situations, utilizing the same high standards for security. Your development machine or control station will be as secure as your firewall. Linux is scalable: From a Palmtop with 2 MB of memory to a petabyte storage cluster with hundreds of nodes: add or remove the appropriate packages and Linux fits all. You don't need a supercomputer anymore, because you can use Linux to do big things using the building blocks provided with the system. If you want to do little things, such as making an operating system for an embedded processor or just recycling your old 486, Linux will do that as well. The Linux OS and Linux applications have very short debug-times: Because Linux has been developed and tested by thousands of people, both errors and people to fix
them are found very quickly. It often happens that there are only a couple of hours between discovery and fixing of a bug.
1.4.2 Linux Cons
There are far too many different distributions:
"Quot capites, tot rationes", as the Romans already said: the more people, the more opinions. At first
glance, the amount of Linux distributions can be frightening, or ridiculous, depending on your point of view. But it also means that everyone will find what he or she needs. You don't need to be an expert to find a
suitable release.
When asked, generally every Linux user will say that the best distribution is the specific version he i
s using. So which one should you choose? Don't worry too much about that: all releases contain more or less the same set of basic packages. On top of the basics, special third party software is added making,or example, TurboLinux more suitable for the small and medium enterprise, RedHat for servers and SuSE for
workstations. However, the differences are likely to be very superficial. The best strategy is to test a couple of distributions; unfortunately not everybody has the time for this. Luckily, there is plenty of advice on the subject of choosing your Linux. One place is LinuxJournal , which discusses hardware and support, among many other subjects. The Installation HOWTO also discusses choosing your distribution. Linux is not very user friendly and confusing for beginners: In light of its popularity, considerable effort has been made to make Linux even easier to use, especially for new users. More information is being released daily,
such as this guide, to help fill the gap for documentation available to users at all levels.
Is an Open Source product trustworthy?
How can something that is free also be reliable? Linux users have the choice whether to use Linux or not, which gives them an enormous advantage compared to users of proprietary software, who don't have that kind of freedom. After long periods of testing, most Linux users come to the conclusion that Linux is not only as good, but in many cases better and faster that the traditional solutions. If Linux were not trustworthy, it would have been long gone, never knowing the popularity it has now, with millions of users. Now users can influence their systems and share their remarks with the community, so the system gets better and better every day. It is a project that is never finished, that is true, but in an ever changing environment, Linux is also a project that continues to strive for perfection.
关于Linux的介绍
1.1 历史
1.1.1 UNIX
为了了解Linux的历史，咱们需要追溯到30年前。 想象一下像屋子乃至体育馆一样大的运算机。 除电脑的体积带来的问题，有一件情形让这些变得更糟糕，那确实是每一个运算机都有一个不同的操作系统。软件定制效劳一直是一个给定系统的特定目标，软件无法在另一个系统上运行。能够在一个系统下工作并非意味着也能够自动同另一个系总共事。这些不管关于用户仍是系统治理员都是超级困难的。
由于运算机超级昂贵，因这人们不能不为之付出，即便购买运算机那也只是为了让用户了解他们是如何工作的。可是IT的总本钱仍是超级庞大的。
世界上的技术尚未那么先进，因此他们不能不和如此大的运算机一起再度过十年。 在1969年，贝尔实验室的开发团队人员们开始研究，为解决软件问题，更好的完善兼容性。 他们开发出一种新的操作系统，确实是那个。 简单巧妙 用C语言设计代替汇编码 能够循环利用的代码。
贝尔实验室开发的项目把它命名为“UNIX操作系统。” 该代码循环的功能是超级重要的。在此之前，所有商用运算机系统是写在一个专门为系统开发的代码中。而UNIX只需要有一组特殊的代码，也确实是此刻俗称小片的内核。那个内核的代码是唯一的一块，需要为每一个特定的系统和各类形式的UNIX系统基础改编。操作系统和所有其他所有功能，都围绕那个核心，用更高级编程语言所编写的，C.这种语言是专为制造UNIX系统而进展的。利用这种新技术，更易于开发能够运行在不同类型硬件上的操作系统。
软件供给商们专门快就意识到这一点，因为他们能够几乎毫不费力的售出超过原先软件十倍的销量。一个新奇的情形显现了：不同供给商生产的运算性能够连接到同一个网络，而且用户操作不同的操作系统无需再利用额外的时刻去学习利用另一台运算机。UNIX帮忙用户大大改善了不同系统兼容问题。
UNIX在以后持续几十年的不断进展中。更多的东西成为可能，而且硬件和软件的供给商们也增加了他们对UNIX产品的重视。
最初的UNIX，只为大背景环境下的大型机和小型机所利用（pc只是微型机）。若是你想利用UNIX, 那么你必需在大学、政府或大型金融公司工作。
可是小的电脑也正在进展，80年代末，很多人家里都有电脑。 在那个时候，有好几个版本的UNIX架构的PC可用，但其中没有一个是真正的开源。
1.1.2 Linux系统的应用现状
今天，Linux已经加入了台式机市场。 Linux开发人员集中在开始网络和效劳环节，办公应用程序的最后障碍已经被拆除。咱们不能不承认，微软已经占据了大部份市场，因此大量的人们开始选择替代品，在过去几年这种情形使Linux成了一个可同意的工作站，它提供了一个简单的用户界面，文字处置软件兼容微软Office应用程序，试算表，简报等等。
在效劳器端，Linux是众所周知的一个稳固和靠得住的平台，像闻名的网上书店亚马逊，美国邮政总局，德国军队和这些公司的数据库和交易效劳。专门是互联网效劳提供商和互联网效劳供给商已经开发出成熟的Linux防火墙，代理效劳器和Web效劳器，你会发此刻每一个UNIX系统治理员都会赞赏治理站已经成为到一个舒适的工作平台。 在电影创作中也利用了Linux集群机，如“泰坦尼克号”，“怪物史莱克”等。在邮局，他们是路由邮件和大型的搜索引擎的中枢系统，集群机还用来执行互联网搜索.这些只是在日日夜夜成千上万工作的linux中的一部份。 还值得指出，现代的Linux不单单只在工作站上运行，还在中、高端效劳器，也在像掌上电脑的，电话，船货的嵌入式应用，乃至对腕表实验的“小玩意”上利用。 这使Linux成为世界上唯一一个普遍应用的操作系统。
1.2 用户界面
1.2.1 Linux难吗？
Linux是不是难学，取决于你问的人。 有体会的UNIX用户会说不，因为Linux是电力用户和程序员理想的操作系统，因为这些人已经利用而且正在开发它。
一个好的程序员都希望编译器，库，开发和调试工具是可用的。 这些软件包来源于所有的标准Linux发行版。其中包括免费的C语言编译器，所有的文件和程序手册。而且举例内容也能帮忙您在任何时刻开始。感觉就像UNIX,而且能够在UNIX和Linux之间自然的转换。在初期的Linux，成为一个专家需要从开始就利用它。 这是一个一般的练习，用来告知新的用户来“RTFM”（阅读手册）。
尽管每一个系统都有手册，可是找到文件仍然很难，即便有人做到了，说明了如此的技术术语，可是关于新用户的学习变得容易气馁。 Linux的利用社区开始意识到，若是Linux是以往任何时候成为操作系统市场上重要的成员，必需在该系统的亲和力上做大量的修改。
1.2.2 Linux的非体会的用户
如RedHat，SuSE和Mandrake的公司如雨后春笋般涌现，提供打包的Linux发行版更适合公共消费。他们综合了大量的图形用户界面（GUI），由社区进展，以减缓方案和效劳的治理。 今天你作为一个Linux用户，你明白了你取得了系统的一切手腕，但此刻它再也不有必要让用户了解这种知识，只为了使系统符合您的要求。
此刻你能够登录图形和启动，乃至无需输入一个单一的字符，而你仍然有能力来访问该系统的核心。 由于其结构，Linux许诺用户进展系统：不论你是新手仍是有体会的用户。当他们第一次开始学习Linux操作系统时， 新用户可不能被强迫做难度专门大的情形，有体会的用户可不能被迫以一样的方式工作。
而在效劳方面的进展，关于桌面用户更好的情形已经发生。 桌面应用程序的尽力开发令人难以置信，使你见到你见过的最漂亮的台式电脑，或使你的Linux机械，就像你以前的MS Windows或Macintosh工作站。最新的进展情形也有3D加速支持和USB设备支持，通过单击更新系统和数据包，等等。 Linux有这些，并试图开发所有人们所了解的而且在逻辑上能够实现的效劳。
1.3 Linux是不是有前途？
1.3.1 开放源码
开放源码软件背后的方式很简单：当程序员能够读取，分发和修改代码，代码将变得更成熟。 人们能够适应它，解决它，调试时刻，他们能够以软件开发公司一样的速度的处置他的性能。 该软件将比曾经任何一个开发过的软件加倍灵活，质量更好，因为相较于以往任何时候都在封锁的软件开发人员来讲，能够有更多的人有在不同测试条件下完善它。 开放源码的开始关于商务的世界更轻的清楚，而且更慢。商业供给商也开始明白这一点。
尽管许多学者和技术人员已经被说服了20年来，但此刻仍然要走这条路。商业供给商像互联网应用一样，使他们意识到他们能够从开源获取利润。 此刻Linux已经度过了它的成长时期，它几乎完满是一个学术体系，关于操纵唯一有效的一点确实是有技术背景。 此刻Linux提供的东西比操作系统更多：有一个完整的基础设施支持成立一个连锁的经营体系，而且制作和测试它，它能给用户带来一切方需要的，提供维修，更新和支持还有自概念， 今天，Linux已经预备好同意一个迅速转变的世界的挑战。
1.3.2 十连年的体会为您效劳
尽管Linux可能是最知名的建议开放源码，可是还有另外一个项目，极大地增进了Linux操作系统的普及。 那个项目被称为Samba，其成绩是逆向工程的效劳器消息块（SMB）/通用互联网文件系统（CIFS）协议用于文件和打印对本地的MS Windows NT支持的个人电脑相关设备，效劳和OS / 2和Linux。 此刻一整套东西为几乎每一个系统提供在混合环境中利用MS Windows协议互连解决方案：Windows兼容（直至并包括Win2K系统）文件和打印效劳器。 或许比Samba项目更成功的是Apache HTTP效劳器项目。 该效劳器运行在UNIX，Windows NT和许多其他操作系统。 本来被称为“一个修修补补的效劳器”，“依照现有的代码和文件的一系列”补丁 ，这意味着成熟代码值得美国本土部落因其卓越的良好的Apache来命名，闻名的战略和不竭耐力。 Apache已被证明是大幅度更快，更稳固，比许多其他Web效劳器功能完整。 Apache是天天数百万游客的情形下运行，尽管没有官方的支持是由开发商提供的，但Apache用户社区提供您的所有问题的答案。 现正由一些第三方提供商业支持。
在办公应用类，MS Office软件的选择是可用的，范围从局部到在MS Windows工作站应用提供充分的实现。 这些举措使Linux在桌面市场能够被大量人同意，因为用户并非需要额外的培训，学习如何利用新系统。 随着台式电脑的一起用户的好评，不仅他们的一致好评，而且他们的具体要求，这是变得愈来愈复杂和日趋苛刻。 在开源社区，包括大量为社区做了5年以上奉献的人，保证Linux的桌面上作为市场的重要参与者的地位，和在一样资讯科技应用。 带薪员工和志愿者都正在尽力使Linux能够维持在市场上的地位。 越多的用户，更多的问题。 开源社区可确保答案滔滔而来，用疑心的目光观看答案的质量，会更具有
稳固性和易用性。
1.4 Linux的性能
1.4.1 Linux的优势
Linux的很多优势是Linux的起源，深深扎根在UNIX中，固然除第一个优势 Linux是免费的： 他们说正如免费的啤酒，若是你想花钱买完全没什么，你乃至用不上支付一张CD的价钱。 Linux能够从互联网上免费下载。没有记录费，没有每用户本钱，免费更新，若是你想改变你的系统，也会免费提供源代码给你。 最重要的是，Linux和演讲一样是免费的： 咱们通常利用的许可证是GNU公共许可证（GPL）。 该许可规定，任何想做的人都有权改变Linux最后从头分派一个改变过的版本，最终有一个条件确实是代码被改变以后仍然可用。 在实践中，只要您的客户仍然能够拥有一组代码的副本。你能够自由地抓住例如一个内核映像，增加对teletransportation机械或时刻旅行支持和销售的新的代码。 Linux是可移植到任何硬件平台：一个情愿出售一种新型电脑的供给商，他们不明白新机械是将运行什么操作系统（例如，在您的汽车或洗衣机的CPU），能够采取一个Linux内核，使其在他的硬件工作，因为与此相关的活动文档是免费的。Linux是持续运行：关于UNIX，Linux系统在运行中不希望老是从头启动。 这确实是什么缘故很多的任务会执行预定在晚上或其他安静的时刻的缘故，在忙碌的时段造成较高的利用率和硬件的平稳。 那个属性许诺Linux在适用的环境中，人们也没有时刻也没有可能去操纵他们系统的日夜。 Linux是平安的和通用的：在Linux中利用的平安模型是基于UNIX的平安观念，这是众所周知的强劲和公认的质量。 可是Linux不仅适合作为从互联网对付仇敌解决的利用堡：它会一样适应于其他情形，利用一样高的平安标准。 您的开发运算机或操纵的电台会平安的成为你的防火墙。 Linux是可扩展性：从与 2 MB 存储器的一个掌上型电脑到 petabyte 贮存有数以百计的波节的群集：添加或删除相应的软件包，Linux适合一切。 你并非需要一台超级运算机了，因为你能够利用Linux做利用系统提供的建设做大情形。 若是你想要做的小东西，比如制造用于嵌入式处置器的操作系统或只是回收的旧的486，Linux会做这点。 在Linux操作系统和Linux应用程序有很短的调试时刻： 因为Linux已经很成熟，成千上万的人已经对其进行了测试，这些问题专门快被人们定位并发觉。发觉一个bug并修复好只需要几个小时，是常常发生的事。
1.4.2 Linux的缺点
有太多的不同散布：
"Quot capites, tot rationes"，因为罗马人已经说过：人越多，越意见。 乍看之下，Linux的发行量可能是恐怖的，或好笑的，这取决于您的观点。 可是，这也意味着，每一个人都会找到他或她需要什么。 你没必要成为一个专家，只需要找到一个适合的释放。
当记者问，一样每Linux用户会说，最好的散布是他在利用特定版本。 因此，你应该选择哪个？ 不要过度担忧的是：所有版本包括或多或少的与大体包相同。 论基础之上，专门是加入第三方软件制作，例如，TurboLinux的多为中小型企业，RedHat适合效劳器，SuSE适合操作区 可是，这些不同极可能是表面上的。 最好的策略是测试成对的散布，可惜不是每一个人都有那个时刻。 幸运的是，大量的意见对你的Linux选择的主题很有帮忙。一个叫LinuxJournal的地址 ，其中讨论了硬件和支持对象还有其他话题。 也会讨论你的安装散布 。Linux不是友好的用户会让初学者困惑： 因为他的流行，相当大的尽力让Linux更易利用，专门是新用户。较多的信息正在每日被释放，像是一个指南，为所有层次的用户填写文件编写的不足。 是一个开源的产品值得信任？
如何才能使免费的东西也能够靠得住呢？ Linux用户能够选择是不是利用Linux，这给了他们庞大的优势，相关于私有软件的用户可不能有这种自由。 经太长时刻的测试，大多数Linux用户得出的结论是，Linux是没有那么好罢了，但在许多情形下比传统的解决方案更好，更快。 若是Linux不靠得住，那么他早就可不能存在了，也可不能有人明白它此刻的普及与数百万用户了。 此刻，用户能够阻碍他们的系统并与社区分享他们的言论，因此系统天天都是愈来愈好。 这是一个永久可不能完成的项目，这是事实，但在一个不断转变的环境中，Linux是一个项目，也将继续精益求精。
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