2024年4月21日发(作者：)

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)

本文由凯程陆老师整理

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:

thebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],

[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybe

painful?Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,accordingtoarecent

researchrevealsthattheneedtoknowisstrongthat

peoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill3

Inaseriesofexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandthe

WisconsinschoolofBusinesstestedstudents’willingnessto4themselvestounpleasant

5,eachparticipantwasshownapileofpens

st?Halfofthepenswould

6anelectricshockwhenclicked.

Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwithpenswereelectrified;anothertwenty-sevenwere

dentswhodidnotknow

whichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudents

uentexperimentsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,

9thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.

Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfor

11orshelter,ityisoftenconsidereda

goodinstinct—itcan12newscientificadvances,forinstance—butsometimessuch13

ightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.

Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,alexperiment,participantswho

wereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewereless

esultssuggestthatimaginingthe18of

followingthroughonone’scuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththe

ngaboutlong-term20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsof

curiosity,”rwords,don’treadonlinecomments.

e

d

t

upt

o

ing

rom

nce

-destructive

t

d

r

gies

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]

or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhiseffortstogive

hisstudentsabetterfuture.

eacherataNewHampshirehigh

schoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,but

ditbecomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13th

presidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikeChain?

AsKoziatekknow,gisnecessarilygainedby

forcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscarded

nalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.

Buthe’gwithyourhandsisseenasalmost

inthefamilyofvocationaleducation“hatit’

sforkidswhocan’tmakeitacademically,”hesays.

Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica’cturingisnot

securitythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohigh

morefor

ourkids,andrightfullyso.

Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall—andthesubtledevaluingofanything

less—missesanimportantpoint:That’,a

bachelor’nnow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryare

middle-skilljobs,y44percentof

workersareadequatelytrained.

Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonitspolitical

head,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolution

sagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobs

mostaren’ek’sManchesterSchoolofTechnologyHighSchoolis

tryingtofillthatgap.

Koziatek’ucationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisks

overlookinganation’sdiversityofgifts.

nbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents’lackof.

ictraining

calability

ringspirit

icalmemorization

xiststheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho.

tereotypedmind

careermotivation

anciallydisadvantaged

academicallysuccessful

nferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates.

havemorejobopportunities

havebigfinancialconcerns

itledtomoreeducationalprivileges

uctanttoworkinmanufacturing

dlongpushintobachelorsdegreesforall.

reatealotofmiddle-skilljobs

rowthegapinworking-classjobs

testheovervaluingofhighereducation

ctedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforce

hor’sattitudetowardKoziatek’sschoolcanbedescribedas.

nt

us

tive

ointed

Text2

Whilefossilfuels—coal，oil，gas—stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheworld’senergy

supply,it'sclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindand

etorenewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld：Theynowaccountfor

morethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoingonline.

Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofund

reasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewables，

tofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwind

turbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthepasteightyears.

Inmaland，

forexample，he

restoftheworldtakesthelead，notablyChinaandEurope，theUnitedStatesisalsoseeinga

h，forthefirsttime，windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10

percentofthepowergeneratedintheUS，reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.

PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels—especiallycoal—asthepathtoeconomic

entspeechinIowa，

thatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa，wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide

36percentofthestate’selectricitygeneration—andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeing

attractedbytheavailabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.

Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesn’tbloworthesundoesn’tshine?”has

ostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismaking

theirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.

Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers，whoareplacingbigbetson

ghelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,this

massiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.

Whilethere’salongwaytogo，eof

changeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup—perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningful

shingtondoes—ordoesn’tdo—topromotealternative

energymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought.

d“plummeting”（Line3，Para.2）isclosestinmeaningto.

izing

ng

g

ingtoParagraph3，theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica.

ressingnotably

tensiveasinEurope

anychallenges

vedtobeimpractical

elearnedthatinIowa,.

awidelyusedenergysource

ergyhasreplacedfossilfuels

antsareinvestingincleanenergy

sashortageofcleanenergysupply

fthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6?

licationhasboostedbatterystorage.

mmonlyusedincarmanufacturing.

tinuoussupplyisbecomingareality.

tainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.

einferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy.

ingtheUSclosertoothercountries

celerateglobalenvironmentalchange

eallyencouragedbytheUSgovernment

ompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscost

Text3

Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing—Amazonhas

justannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor$13.5bn，buttwo

yearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice，which

doesn’atsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateand

finelydetailedwebofitsusers’friendshipsandsociallives．

FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumbersto

Facebookidentities，butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough．Even

withoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages，theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwas

enormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe．Whatpoliticaljournalist，whatpartywhip，wouldnot

wanttoknowthemakeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaMay’senemiesare

currentlyplotting?ItmaybethatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460

shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.

Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower．Butitis

thing,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofchangewithinthedigitaleconomy.

Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthe

marketplace,tobereplacedbynewabusesofpower．Butthereisadeeperconceptualproblem,

itionlawaspresentlyinterpreteddealswithfinancialdisadvantagetoconsumers

andthisisnotobviouswhentheusersoftheseservicesdon’tpayforthem．Theusersoftheir

servicesarenottheircustomers．Thatwouldbethepeoplewhobuyadvertisingfromthem—and

FacebookandGoogle，thetwovirtualgiants，dominatedigitaladvertisingtothedisadvantageof

allothermediaandentertainmentcompanies．

Theproductthey’resellingisdata，andwe，theusers，convertourlivestodataforthe

someantsfarmthebugscalledaphidsforthehoneydewthey

producewhentheyfeed,soGooglefarmsusforthedatathatourdigitallivesyield．Antskeep

predatoryinsectsawayfromwheretheiraphidsfeed;Gmailkeepsthespammersoutofour

n’tfeellikeahumanordemocraticrelationship，evenifbothsidesbenefit．

ingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits.

lproducts

formation

alassets

yservice

gphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesmay.

politicaldisputes

customerrecords

isktoFacebookusers

dtheEuropeancommission

ingtotheauthor,competitionlaw.

servethenewmarketpowers

sentheeconomicimbalance

notprovidejustonelegalsolution

keeppacewiththechangingmarket

itionlawaspresentlyinterpretedcanhardlyprotectFacebookusersbecause.

enotdefinedascustomers

enotfinanciallyreliable

vicesaregenerallydigital

vicesarepaidforbyadvertisers

sanalogyisusedtoillustrate.

-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiants

alcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiants

efitsprovidedfordigitalgiants’customers

ationshipbetweendigitalgiantsandtheirusers

Text4

Tocombatthetrapofputtingapremiumonbeingbusy,CalNewport,authorofDeepwork:

RulesforFocusedSuccessinaDistractedworld,recommendsbuildingahabitof“deepwork”—

theabilitytofocuswithoutdistraction.

Thereareanumberofapproachestomasteringtheartofdeepwork—beitlengthyretreats

dedicatedtoaspecifictask;developingadailyritual;ortakinga“journalistic”approachto

verapproach,thekeyis

todetermineyourlengthoffocustimeandsticktoit.

Newportalsorecommends“deepscheduling”tocombatconstantinterruptionsandget

moredoneinlesstime.“Atanygivenpoint,Ishouldhavedeepworkscheduledforroughlythe

thecalendarIprotectthistimelikeIwouldadoctor’sappointmentor

importantmeeting”,hewrites.

Anotherapproachtogettingmoredoneinlesstimeistorethinkhowyouprioritizeyourday

—ford,authorofMessy:ThePowerofDisorder

toTransformOurLives,pointstoastudyintheearly1980sthatdividedundergraduatesintotwo

groups:somewereadvisedtosetoutmonthlygoalsandstudyactivities;othersweretoldtoplan

activitiesandgoalsinmuchmoredetail,daybyday.

Whiletheresearchersassumedthatthewell-structureddailyplanswouldbemosteffective

whenitcametotheexecutionoftasks,theywerewrong:thedetaileddailyplansdemotivated

darguesthatinevitabledistractionsoftenrenderthedailyto-dolist

ineffective,whileleavingroomforimprovisationinsuchalistcanreapthebestresults.

needtoembracedowntime,or

asNewportsuggests,“belazy.”

“Idlenessisnotjustavacation,anindulgenceoravice;itisasindispensabletobebrainas

[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessarytogettinganyworkdone,”he

argues.

SriniPillay,anassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,believesthis

counter-intuitivelinkbetweendowntimeandproductivitymaybeduetothewayourbrains

operateWhenourbrainsswitchbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocusedonatask,theytendtobe

moreefficient.

“Whatpeopledon’trealiseisthatinordertocompletethesetaskstheyneedtouseboth

thefocusandunfocuscircuitsintheirbrain”.saysPillay.

tomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto________.

yourfocustime

urimmediatetasks

ecificdailyplans

veryminutetowork

dyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat________.

ctionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiency

chedulesareindispensabletostudying

tsarehardlymotivatedbymonthlygoals

edplansmanynotbeasfruitfulasexpected

ingtoNewport,idlenessis________.

ablementalstateforbusypeople

contributortophysicalhealth

ctivewaytosavetimeandenergy

ntialfactorinaccomplishinganywork

believesthatourbrains’shiftbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocused_______.

ultinpsychologicalwell-being

ngaboutgreaterefficiency

datbetterbalanceinwork

enbytaskurgency

xtismainlyabout_______.

relievethetensionofbusylife

chestogettingmoredoneinlesstime

toeliminatingdistractions

seofthelackoffocustime

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoits

retwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

yit

ent

iquecompliment

,places,things

e“metoo”s

esmalltalk

anopinion

Fivewaystomakeconversationwithanyone

Conversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanewpersona

linkgetsformedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwillstrengthenthelink.

Youmeetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeopleatworkor

startingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.

Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwith

strangers.

41.____________

Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon’tknowandsomethingwithinyousays

“Iwanttotalkwiththisperson”—

wantedtosaysomething—thefirstword—butitjustwon’slikeitisstuck

somewhere,Iknowthefeelingandhereismyadvicejustgetitout.

Justthink:thatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon’ttalkwithyou?Well,theyarenot

talkingwithyounow!

Itrulyit

simple:“Hi”“,Hey”or“Hello”—dothebestyoucantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergy

youcan,putonabigsmileandsay“Hi”.

42.____________

It’saproblemallofusface:youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalk

withandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.

Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof“hi”,“hello”,“howareyou?”and“what’sgoing

on?”youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthat’scanmakeitsomemorable.

Sodon’e,you’llbesurprisedtoseehow

muchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.

43.____________

Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouand

thatu

startconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,you’llfindallofasuddenthatthe

conversationbecomesaloteasier.

44.____________

Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyontheirphone,

andifyouaskfortheirattentionyougettheresponse“Icanmultitask”.

Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunication

econtact,youcanfeeltheconversation.

45.____________

Youallcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyou

’tthatawkward!

Sorememberthelittledetailsofthepeopleyoumetoryoutalkedwith;perhapstheplaces

theyhavebeentotheplacetheywanttogo,thethingstheylike,thethingthehate—whatever

youtalkabout.

Whenyouremembersuchthingyoucanautomaticallybecomeinvestorintheirwellbeing.

Sothefeelaresponsibilitytoyoutokeepthatrelationshipgoing.

That’

personisareallygoodbooktoread,ortohaveaconversationwith!

SectionⅢTranslation

ions:

anslationshouldbewrittenontheANSWER

SHEET.(15points)

Afifthgardergetsahomeworkassignmenttoselecthisfuturecareerpathfromalistof

s“astronaut”butquicklyadds“scientist”tothelistandselectsitaswell.

xploreasmanycareerpathsashelikes.

Andsohereads—sso

passionatelythathisparentshavetoinstitutea“noreadingpolicy”atthedinnertable.

ThatboywasBillGates,andhehasn’tstoppedreadingyet—notevenafterbecomingoneof

themostsciencefictionandreferencebooks;recently,herevealedthathereadsatleastso

hoosesnonfictiontitlebecausetheyexplainhowtheworldworks.

“Eachbookopensupnewavenuesofknowledge,”Gatessays.

SectionⅣWriting

PartA

ions:

SupposeyouhavetocancelyourtravelplanandwillnotbeabletovisitProfessorSmith.

Writehimanemailto

1）apologizeandexplainthesituation,and

2）suggestafuturemeeting.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

“LiMing”instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.（10points）

PartB

ions：

writingyoushould

1）interpretthechartand

2）giveyourcomments

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.（15points）