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References and Bibliography:
A reference list cites work that specifically supports a particular essay or report.
A bibliography cites work for background or further reading.
A reference list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source
material. Because the purpose of listing references is to enable the readers to retrieve and
use the sources, reference data must be correct and complete.
Make sure that references cited in the text appear in the reference list and that each entry in
the reference list is cited in the text.
The Electronic Engineering Department has decided to conform to The American
Psychological Association (APA) format, which is one of the most recognised reference
styles, for all essays, reports, articles, etc. published in the Electronic Engineering
Department.
As a general rule, make sure that you provide sufficient information to allow the reader
to locate the source you are citing. When in doubt provide more information rather
than less. Each entry usually contains the following elements: author, year of
publication, title and publishing data.
References for printed material
Books
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Book author(s) or editor(s)
Date of Publication
Title of book
Page numbers
Publication information: location and publisher
Examples:
Pitts, J. M., & Schormans, J. A. (2000). Introduction to IP and ATM design and performance : with
applications and analysis software. New York : John Wiley. (047149187X)
Laughton, M. A., & Warne, D. F. (Eds.). (2003). Electrical engineer's reference book. 16th ed.
Oxford, Boston: Newnes. )
(The long number at the end is the ISBN - International Standard Book Number.)
Amari, S-I, Giles, C.L, Gori, M, &. Piuri, V. (Eds.). (2000). Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS
International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IJCNN 2000. Neural Computing: New
Challenges and Perspectives for the New Millennium. 24-27 July 2000. Los Alamitos, CA.: IEEE
Computer Society.
Article or book chapters in an edited book
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Article or chapter author
Date of publication
Title of article or chapter
Book editor(s)
Title of book
Page numbers
Publication information: location of publication and publisher
Example:
Hardman, V. J., & Hailes, S. (1999). Mobile multimedia access for the Internet. In D. R. Bull, C.
N. Canagarajah & A. R. Nix (Eds.), Insights into mobile multimedia communications (pp. 111 -
132). San Diego, CA : Academic. (012 140310 6).
(You will not find the author "Hardman" in Queen Mary Library catalogue - authors of book
chapters are not included.)
Published proceedings or published contribution to a symposium in an
edited book
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Author
Date of Publication
Title
Editor(s)
Title of publication
Page numbers
Publication information: location and publisher
Examples:
Papadopoulos, S., & Parini, C. G. (1998). FDTD scattering by a dielectric strut in large geodesic
space-frame radomes. In International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory. Proceedings. 25-
28 May,1998 (Vol.2, pp. 721-3). Thessaloniki : Aristotle University.
Chen, Y., & Cuthbert, L. (2003). Optimized downlink transmit power control during soft handover
in WCDMA systems. In R. Smith (Ed.), WCNC 2003. 2003 IEEE Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference Record. New Orleans, LA, USA. 16-20 March 2003. (Vol.1, pp. 547-51).
Piscataway, NJ, USA : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Journal
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Author(s)
Date of Publication
Title of article
Title of Periodical
Volume number
Page numbers
Example:
Chiau, C.C., Chen, X., & Parini, C. (2003). Multiperiod EBG structure for wide stopband circuits.
IEE Proceedings-Microwaves Antennas & Propagation, 150, no.6, 489-92.
Unpublished paper
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Author
Date of publication
Title
Title of conference/meeting
Location
Example:
Lanktree, C., & Briere, J., (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for
Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the
Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.
Technical and research reports
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Report author(s)
Date of Publication
Report title
Page numbers
Publication information: location and publisher
Example:
Ely, J. J., Nguyen, T. X., & Koppen, S. V. (2003). Wireless phone threat assessment and
new wireless technology concerns for aircraft navigation radios. (NASA Technical Paper
NASA/TP-2003/212446). Washington, D.C : National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
Brochures
As entire books
In bracket identify the publication as a brochure
Web references
Online periodicals and online documents:
Electronic sources include databases, online journals, websites or web pages, online
newsletters and web based or email based discussion groups.
Provide sufficient information to allow the reader to locate the source you are citing.
Cite what is available when you cannot find some elements of information about a source.
If the work originally had a print existence, it may be necessary to give the date of the original
print publication.
Include the date that you accessed the source (Note: not required when citing messages).
Cite the address (URL) accurately. Include the access-mode (http, ftp, telnet, etc.). If it is
necessary to divide the URL between two lines, break only after a slash mark and do not
insert a hyphen at the break.
Web Pages
Individual work
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Author/Editor
Title of page
Publisher (optional)
Publication date /Last modified
Address
Access date
Example:
Crane, G., editor (2000, March). Hercules, Greece's greatest hero. Retrieved November 27,
2000, from Tufts University, Classics Department, Perseus Project Web site:
/Hercules/
Abbott, K. (2004, May). Finding information for Electronic Engineering, Engineering,
Materials and the IRC in Biomedical Materials. Retrieved May 27, 2004, from Queen Mary,
University of London Library Web site : /eng/
Part of a work
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Author/Editor
Title of part
Source title
Publisher (optional)
Publication date /Last modified
Address
Access date
Example:
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1903). Of the dawn of freedom. In The Souls of Black Folk. Retrieved
November 27, 2000, from Project Bartleby
Magazine, journal, newspaper article
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Author (if known)
Title of article
Source information (title, volume, pub. date, paging if available)
Database used (when found with subscription database)
•
Access date
Example: Scott, J. (1999, Jan./Feb.). From hate rhetoric to hate crime: a link acknowledged
too late. Humanist, 8-14. Retrieved on November 27, 2000, from SIRS Researcher
database.
Messages
E-Mail Discussion List Posting
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Author
Pub. date of message
Title/Subject line of message
Description
List name
List address (Web message archive or e-mail address)
Example:
Holland, N. (2000, Oct. 15). Overcoming depression. Message posted to Psyart electronic
mailing list, archived at /ipsa/
USENET Newsgroup Posting
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Author
Pub. date of message
Title/Subject line of message
Description
Newsgroup name
Example:
Smith, B.C. (2000, Sept. 22). Conserving water in a closed environment. Message posted to
news://nment
Web Forum Posting
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Author
Pub. date of message
Title/Subject line of message
Description
Forum/Message address
Example:
Martin, P. (2000, Nov. 24). An impartial Supreme Court?
Message posted to /interactions/s.131587/highlights/
Personal E-Mail Message
• Author/Sender
• Date of message
• Description/Recipient
E-mail messages should be cited only within the text of the paper.
They are not included in the References.
Example:
Anthony Boyle (personal communication, Aug. 31, 2000) stated that this notion of utopia was
consistent with the view held by many religious scholars.
List of accepted abbreviations:
Chap. chapter
Ed. edition
Rev. ed. revised edition
nd
second edition 2 ed.
Ed.(Eds.) Editor (Editors)
Trans. Translator(s)
n.d. no date
p. (pp.) page (pages)
Vol. Volume (as in Volume 5)
Vols. Volumes (as in 5 vols.)
No. Number
Pt. Part
Tech. Rep. Technical Report
Suppl. Supplement
For further information:
See the American Psychological Association APA style manual.
/
For Internet sources: See “Citing Net Sources” the Ohio State University Libraries guide at:
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