2024年6月3日发(作者：)

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.30 (1973); Vol. 40, p.5 (1960).

2-AMINOFLUORENE

[2-Flurenylamine]

Submitted by P. M. G. Bavin

Checked by John C. Sheehan and Roger E. Chandler..

1

1. Procedure

In a 2-l. three-necked round-bottomed flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer (Note 1), reflux

condenser, and dropping funnel, are placed 30 g. of pure 2-nitrofluorene, m.p. 157° [Org. Syntheses,

Coll. Vol.

2

, 447 (1943)], and 250 ml. of 95% ethanol. After warming to 50° on a steam bath, 0.1 g. of

palladized charcoal catalyst (previously moistened with alcohol) is added (Note 2) and the stirrer is

started. About 15 ml. of hydrazine hydrate is added from the dropping funnel during 30 minutes (Note

3). At this point an additional 0.1 g. of catalyst (previously moistened with alcohol) is added and the

mixture is heated until the alcohol refluxes gently. After 1 hour the nitrofluorene has dissolved

completely and the supernatant liquor is almost colorless.

The catalyst is removed by filtration with gentle suction through a thin layer of Celite (Note 4). The

flask is rinsed with 30 ml. of hot alcohol which is then used to wash the catalyst and Celite. The

combined filtrates are concentrated under reduced pressure to about 50 ml. (Note 5) and then heated to

boiling at atmospheric pressure. When 250 ml. of hot water is added slowly, 2-aminofluorene is

precipitated as a colorless, crystalline powder. After cooling in an ice bath, the 2-aminofluorene is

collected, washed with water, and dried in the dark in a vacuum desiccator. The product melts at 127.8–

128.8° (Note 6) and amounts to 24–25 g. (93–96%).

2. Notes

1. If the stirring is omitted, the nitrofluorene takes longer to dissolve.

2. A suitable catalyst is 10% palladium-on-charcoal, such as is supplied by Baker and Company, Inc.,

113 Astor Street, Newark 5, New Jersey.

3. The reaction is exothermic, and too rapid addition of the hydrazine may cause the mixture to foam

out of the condenser.

4. Caution! The catalyst is often pyrophoric and should be kept moistened with alcohol. Celite is a

diatomaceous earth filter aid.

5. A rotary evaporator is very convenient for the concentration since some of the amine invariably

crystallizes toward the end.

6. The melting point is that reported in Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol.

2

, 448 (1943), for a recrystallized

sample.

3. Discussion

The preparation of 2-aminofluorene reported previously in Organic Syntheses [Coll. Vol.

2

, 448

(1943)] we based on the method of Diels.

2

The present procedure illustrates a general method for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to

aromatic amines using hydrazine and a hydrogenation catalyst such as palladium, platinum, nickel, iron,

or rethenium. The literature on this procedure up to 1963 has been reviewed.

3

In many instances the

catalytic

hydrazine reductions give yields of amine equal to or better than those obtained by direct

catalytic hydrogenation or other reduction methods. Both the apparatus and the procedure are

simple. Under appropriate conditions the method may be used for the dehalogenation of aliphatic and

aromatic halides,

3

a reaction for which palladium appears to be a specific catalyst. The method has also

been used for the reduction of azobenzene and azoxybenzene to hydrazobenzene (80–90%),

4

as well as

for the synthesis of steroid aziridines by reduction of mesylate esters by vicinal azido alcohols (using

Raney nickel).

5

References and Notes

1.

National Research Council of Canada Post-doctorate Fellow, 1954-56, at the University of

Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario.

2.

O. Diels, Ber.,

34

, 1758 (1901).

3.

A. Furst, R. C. Berlo, and S. Hooton, Chem. Rev.,

65

, 51 (1965).

4.

P. M. G. Bavin, Can. J. Chem.,

36

, 238 (1958).

5.

K. Ponsold, Ber.,

97

, 3524 (1964).

Appendix

Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);

(Registry Number)

2-Flurenylamine

palladized charcoal catalyst

palladium-on-charcoal

ethanol (64-17-5)

iron (7439-89-6)

platinum (7440-06-4)

nickel,

Raney nickel (7440-02-0)

palladium (7440-05-3)

hydrazine hydrate (7803-57-8)

hydrazine (302-01-2)

Azoxybenzene (495-48-7)

Azobenzene (103-33-3)

2-Nitrofluorene (607-57-8)

2-Aminofluorene(153-78-6)

Nitrofluorene

rethenium

hydrazobenzene (122-66-7)

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