2024年6月11日发(作者:)

高中英语一轮复习非谓语动词专题---独立主格结构完全解析与提升训练

一、概念

定义:非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己

的逻辑主语,在句中作状语,这种结构属于独立主格结构。

二、结构及特点

结构:名词/代词+非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语

特点:

非谓语动词前后两部分有逻辑上的主谓关系,作为逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词、

形容词、副词、介词短语等是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。

with也可看作独立主格结构的一种形式。

独立主格本身不是句子,在句子中作时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状语等。

独立主格结构可修饰整个句子,位置灵活,可置于主句前、主句中或主句末,常用逗号将其与主

句分开。

结构

名词/代词+现在分

名词/代词+过去分

名词/代词+不定式

含义

表示正在进行的

动作或状态

表示已完成的行

表示没有发生/即

将发生的动作或

状态

表示一种状态

表示一种状态

例句

Weather permitting, we’re going to visit you

tomorrow.

The test finished, we’ll have our summer vacation.

No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first

class

The little girl entered the room, her face red with

cold.

With the floor wet, I had to stay outside.

名词/代词+形容词/

副词/介词短语

with/without+名词/

代词+形容词/副词/

介词短语

with/without+名词/

代词+不定式

with/without+名词/

代词+现在分词

with/without+名词/

代词+过去分词

表示未发生的动

With the boy to lead the way, we will find the cave

作,主动可表被动

easily tomorrow.

表示主动动作已

完成或正在进行

表示被动动作已

完成

Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.

The boy was crying with the toy broken.

三、特殊情况

但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构,如:

Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye.

在登上山时,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。

Tired but happy,the bus whisked us home.

我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家

上面两个句子中的分词结构在句子中找不到他们的逻辑主语,因而处于一种“垂悬”状态,即“无依

1

着”状态,因而在语法上这种分词被称作垂悬分词(Dangling Participle),也叫“无依着分词”或者“荡

空分词”。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(Performance Error),即将分词的主语与句

子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(Misrelated Participle)。

§垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归

纳和总结。

1.当分词主语是不定人称时,如:

When dining in the restaurant,a jacket and tie are required.

2.当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:

Being Christmas,the government offices were closed.

3.当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时,如:

Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.

4.在正式科技文章中,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we,you等同,如:

When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.

5.垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语(style disjunction),表明说话人说话的方式、条件以及说话人

的态度或看法,这种用法可细分为以下几种情况: a.说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of,

getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到……,关于……,回到……”等,请看例句:

Getting back to our story,the princess was killed.

Coming to this question,I say no.

b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:

putting it mildly(说轻点),frankly speaking,generally speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking,

biologically speaking等,请看例句:

Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience.

Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats.

c.有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from,according to,considering,viewing

it from,seeing,例如:

Judging from his expression,he is in a bad mood.

According to Barthes,the author had died.

Considering the low price,the car is worth buying.

d.有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that), provided(that),

supposing,given,意思为“if或 with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:

Provided that a film entertains,few people care about its other merits.

Given patience,anybody can achieve something.

Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer.

e.表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admitting that,allowed that,allowing for,considering(that),

assuming that,seeing that,granting that,granted that,notwithstanding(尽管, 还是),请看例句:

Allowing for(=Considering)the deficiencies,the show is a success.

Granted(=Granting)that you are right, you should not get angry.

Admitting(=Assuming =Allowing)that he is drunk,that is no excuse.

f.有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况,如:barring,bating,excepting,

excepted,saving that,意思为“除了……”;including,counting,setting aside, leaving...to one side,

意思为“包括;除了……还有……”等,请看例句:

2