2024年6月11日发(作者:)
高中英语一轮复习非谓语动词专题---独立主格结构完全解析与提升训练
一、概念
定义:非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己
的逻辑主语,在句中作状语,这种结构属于独立主格结构。
二、结构及特点
结构:名词/代词+非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语
特点:
非谓语动词前后两部分有逻辑上的主谓关系,作为逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词、
形容词、副词、介词短语等是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。
with也可看作独立主格结构的一种形式。
独立主格本身不是句子,在句子中作时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状语等。
独立主格结构可修饰整个句子,位置灵活,可置于主句前、主句中或主句末,常用逗号将其与主
句分开。
结构
名词/代词+现在分
词
名词/代词+过去分
词
名词/代词+不定式
含义
表示正在进行的
动作或状态
表示已完成的行
为
表示没有发生/即
将发生的动作或
状态
表示一种状态
表示一种状态
例句
Weather permitting, we’re going to visit you
tomorrow.
The test finished, we’ll have our summer vacation.
No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first
class
The little girl entered the room, her face red with
cold.
With the floor wet, I had to stay outside.
名词/代词+形容词/
副词/介词短语
with/without+名词/
代词+形容词/副词/
介词短语
with/without+名词/
代词+不定式
with/without+名词/
代词+现在分词
with/without+名词/
代词+过去分词
表示未发生的动
With the boy to lead the way, we will find the cave
作,主动可表被动
easily tomorrow.
表示主动动作已
完成或正在进行
表示被动动作已
完成
Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.
The boy was crying with the toy broken.
三、特殊情况
但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构,如:
Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye.
在登上山时,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。
Tired but happy,the bus whisked us home.
我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家
上面两个句子中的分词结构在句子中找不到他们的逻辑主语,因而处于一种“垂悬”状态,即“无依
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着”状态,因而在语法上这种分词被称作垂悬分词(Dangling Participle),也叫“无依着分词”或者“荡
空分词”。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(Performance Error),即将分词的主语与句
子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(Misrelated Participle)。
§垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归
纳和总结。
1.当分词主语是不定人称时,如:
When dining in the restaurant,a jacket and tie are required.
2.当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:
Being Christmas,the government offices were closed.
3.当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时,如:
Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.
4.在正式科技文章中,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we,you等同,如:
When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.
5.垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语(style disjunction),表明说话人说话的方式、条件以及说话人
的态度或看法,这种用法可细分为以下几种情况: a.说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of,
getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到……,关于……,回到……”等,请看例句:
Getting back to our story,the princess was killed.
Coming to this question,I say no.
b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:
putting it mildly(说轻点),frankly speaking,generally speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking,
biologically speaking等,请看例句:
Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience.
Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats.
c.有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from,according to,considering,viewing
it from,seeing,例如:
Judging from his expression,he is in a bad mood.
According to Barthes,the author had died.
Considering the low price,the car is worth buying.
d.有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that), provided(that),
supposing,given,意思为“if或 with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:
Provided that a film entertains,few people care about its other merits.
Given patience,anybody can achieve something.
Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer.
e.表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admitting that,allowed that,allowing for,considering(that),
assuming that,seeing that,granting that,granted that,notwithstanding(尽管, 还是),请看例句:
Allowing for(=Considering)the deficiencies,the show is a success.
Granted(=Granting)that you are right, you should not get angry.
Admitting(=Assuming =Allowing)that he is drunk,that is no excuse.
f.有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况,如:barring,bating,excepting,
excepted,saving that,意思为“除了……”;including,counting,setting aside, leaving...to one side,
意思为“包括;除了……还有……”等,请看例句:
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