2024年1月4日发(作者：)
中国文化简介（英文版）课后习题答案1
Chapter 1
答案
1. Multiple choice (choose the best answer).
1) c 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) c
2. Fill in the blanks.
6) Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese characters
7) red, rectangular, five stars
8) form, sound, meaning
9) family name, the given name, xing, shi, ming, zi
3. Translate the following terms into English.
10) a. the Imperial palace/the Forbidden City b. nature reserve c. autonomous region d.
special administrative region
11) a. the Han nationality b. ethical tradition c. social status d. Chinese character
4. Explain the following in English.
12) paper making, printing, the compass and gunpowder.
13) 甲骨文，钟鼎文，小篆，隶书，楷书
5. Answer the following questions.
14) Chinese characters mainly have four ways of formation, namely pictographs,
indicatives, ideographs and pictophonetic.
15) A person’s ming and zi were normally given by his or her elders. Hao was
different from both ming and zi in that it was chosen by oneself rather than by
others. A person often had more than one hao. Hao was not used to address one
another but as a signature in one’s poetic and artistic works. Hao usually
revealed one’s aspirations and moral values.
16) A Chinese surname is generally composed of one character or syllable, such as
Zhang, Wu, Li, or Yang. There are also two-syllable, three-syllable or even four-syllable surnames, such as Ouyang, Zhuge, Sima, Gongsun, Zhukehun, Buliugu,
Houmochen and Jingjiangliushi.
Chapter 2
答案
1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).
1) c 2) d 3) a 4) d 5) a
2. Fill in the blanks.
6) 221 B.C.
7) Silk Road, Chang'an, Xinjiang, Mediterranean Sea
8) Opium War
9) Sun Yat-sen, feudal monarchical system
3. Translate the following terms into English.
10) a. the Paleolithic Era b. the Neolithic Age c. slave society d. Dream of Red
Mansions
11) a. painted pottery b. the spring and Autumn Period c. socialist market economy
d. Opium War
4. Explain the following in English.
12) During the reign of Emperor Wudi (Liu Che, r. 140-87 B.C.), the Han regime
reached the period of its greatest prosperity: The emperor conquered the
Xiongnu nomads, and sent Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions (Central
Asia), and in the process pioneered the route known as the "Silk Road" from the
Han capital Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and
onward, finally reaching the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
13) During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, philosophy and other
branches of scholarship were unprecedentedly thriving, with the representatives
of various schools vying with each other in writing books to discuss politics and
analyze society. Hence the appearance of a situation in which "a hundred schools
of thought contended."
5. Answer the following questions.
14) The Opium War was the turning point in Chinese history in that it marked the
close of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history.
15) The reason why the construction of the Dujiang Dam was so important in Chinese
ancient times is that it made possible rationalized irrigation supply, flood
diversion and sand discharge.
16) During his reign, Qin Shi Huang standardized the script, currencies, and weights
and measures, established the system of prefectures and counties, and
constructed the world-renowned Great Wall as well as a large palace, mausoleum
and temporary regal lodges respectively in Xianyang, Lishan and other places. In
addition, the life-size terracotta horses and armored warriors excavated from
sites near the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang are known as the eighth wonder of
the world.
Chapter 3
答案
1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).
1) d 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) d
2. Fill in the blanks.
6) 3000, 72
7) li, yi, yi
8) Mo Zi
9) Xun Zi, nature, materialism, atheism
3. Translate the following terms into English.
10) a. Confucianism b. (Sun Wu’s) the Art of War c. Confucian analects d. Second
Sage
11) a. the feudal landlord class b. conservatism c. the policy of benevolence d. the
nine-square field system
4. Explain the following in English.
12) The six documents (The Six Classics) under Confucius compilation include Shi
(The Book of Songs), Shu (Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue
(The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring
and Autumn Annuals), which are considered as the classics of Confucianism.
13) Mencius believed that human beings are good by nature. He held that this
goodness is innate and can be acquired without learning or thinking; one’s
natural goodness is presented by the exercise of benevolence, righteousness,
proprieties and prudence. Evil comes into being when one rejects their natural
goodness.
5. Answer the following questions.
14) According to Mencius, the ideal moral personality is that one should never be
“corrupted by neither riches nor honors, shaken by neither poverty nor adversity,
faltered by neither threats nor force”.
15) Han Feizi argued that human nature is basically selfish, and thus the social order
can be maintained only when the ruler imposes rules and his subjects must obey
without questioning and enforces them with strict punishments. As a moral and
ethical system, “ren” is the central theme of Confucius Analects, which focuses
on human love that is hierarchical and differentiated. Thus Confucius created his
version of humanism. In his idea, human nature is partially good and partially
evil. Based on “ren”, Confucius objected to the fantastic powers that confused
the human spirit.
16) As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius’
contributions lie in the following three aspects. Firstly, he compiled and
preserved literary works of three generations. The six documents (The Six
Classics) under his compilation, including Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu
(Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or
The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), are
considered as the classics of Confucianism. Secondly, Confucius established a
system of philosophical thoughts with “ren”(benevolence) as its fundamental
virtue. Thirdly, Confucius established private schools and founded a systematic
educational framework.
Chapter 4
答案
1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).
1) d 2) d 3) b 4) b 5) c
2. Fill in the blanks.
6) naturalistic, primitive
7) the simplicity, true nature, selfishness, desire
8) Old Master
9) the social order, individual freedom
3. Translate the following terms into English.
10) a. prehistoric times b. pessimism c. Taoism d. men-cosmos correspondence
11) a. Chinese martial arts b. astrology c. Chinese alchemy d. social order
4. Explain the following in English.
12) compassion, moderation, and humility
13) Mount Longhu (Mount Dragon and Tiger) in Jiangxi Province, Mount Qingcheng
in Sichuan Province, Mount Wudang in Hubei Province, and Mount Qiyun in
Anhui Province.
5. Answer the following questions.
14) The core of Lao Zi’s thought is “Tao” (the Way), by which he refered to the
condition of the universe before the creation of the heaven and the earth.
Therefore, it is from Tao that all the elements of the universe are derived.
Reversal enables Tao to have a circular movement, that is, when the development
of anything brings it to one extreme, a reversal to the other extreme takes place.
15) Taoism is one of the most important religions in China, which refers to a variety
of related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. These traditions
have influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread to
the West. As the native religion of China, Daoism, together with Confucianism
and Buddhism, comprises the main body of traditional Chinese culture. Daoists,
in pursuit of the ideal of becoming immortals by practicing Dao, made great
efforts to transcend conventional wisdom about life and knowledge and thus
helped both to define ancient science in China and to advance it through a great
number of inventions. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, several Chinese
martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, fengshui, and many styles of qigong
breath training disciplines have been intertwined with Daoism throughout
history.
16) Lao Zi’s “ruling by non-action or inaction” reflects the exploration of an
intellectual for the ultimate solution of the social order and individual freedom.
His pursuit of vacuity and action through non-action echoes the reality of his
time, a period torn by ceaseless wars among states. Lao Zi used the term broadly
with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On
a political level, it means avoiding wars, harsh laws and heavy taxes. For him, it
was more important to “see the simplicity, to realize one’s true nature, to cast off
selfishness, and to temper desire”.
Chapter 5
答案
1. Multiple choice (choose the best answer).
1) c 2) c 3) a 4) a 5) d
2. Fill in the blanks.
6) the Han Dynasty, the Sui and Tang
7) Confucianism, Taoism
8) Wutai, the “roof of northern China”
9) Buddhist temples, 76 temples, first
3. Translate the following terms into English.
10) a. Buddhism b. meditation c. Confucianism d. Buddhist temple
11) a. the Great Buddha Hall b. Buddhist scripture c. joss stick d. summer resort
4. Explain the following in English.
12) The Four Wonders of Mount Emei are the “Golden Summit Sunrise”, “Sea of
Clouds”, “Buddha’s Halo” and the “Holy Lamp”.
13) The Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism are as follows:
a. Reality School or Kosa School or Abhidharma School.
b. Satysiddhi School or Cheng-se School.
c. Three Sastra School or San-lun School.
d. The Lotus School or T'ien-t'ai School.
e. The Garland School or Hua-yen.
f. Intuitive School or Ch'an School or Dhyana School.
g. Discipline School or Lu School or Vinaya School.
h. Esoteric School or Chen-yien School or Mantra School.
i. Dharmalaksana School or Ch'u-en School or Fa-siang School.
j. Pure-land School or Sukhavati School or Ching-t'u School.
5. Answer the following questions.
14) The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering.
15) the doctrine of Four Noble Truths refers to: life is suffering, the cause of suffering
is desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the
Eight-Fold Path, which consists of right knowledge, right thought, right speech,
right behavior, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right
concentration.
16) When Li Bai, famous Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, was invited to Mount
Jiuhua, he was overwhelmed by the scene of nine peaks that look like lotus
blooms from heaven. Out of admiration he composed the lines: “Two forces
preserve between the World and the Heaven; Nine lotuses blossom on the Jiuhua
Mountain.” Since then the mountain has been attracting men of letters
throughout the ages, and thus Jiuhua obtained its fame.
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