2024年1月10日发(作者：)
2022年全国研究生考试
真题与答案
英语（二）
台风天搞农业
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2022年考研英语（二）真题及答案
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best
word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Harlan Coben believes that if you're a writer, you'll find the
time; and that if you can't find the time, then writing isn't a priority
and you're not a writer. For him writing is a _____(1)job-a job like
any other. He has _____(2)it with plumbing, pointing out that a
plumber doesn't wake up and say that he can't work with pipes today.
_____(3), like most writers these days, you' re holding down a job to
pay the bills, it's not_____(4)to find the time to write. But it's not
impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness.
_____(5)that most bestselling authors began writing when they were
doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are
fairly _____(6)often have to do other work to _____(7)their writing
income.
As Harlan Coben has suggested it's a_____(8)of priorities. To
make writing a priority, you'll have to _____(9)some of your
day-to-day-activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending
on your _____(10)and your life style, that might mean spending less
time watching television or listening to music, though some people
can write _____(11)they listen to music. You might have to
_____(12)the a mount of exercise or sport you do. You'll have to
make social media an _____(13) activity rather than a daily
time-consuming_____(14). There'll probably have to be less
socializing with your friends and less time with your family. It's
a_____(15)learning curve, and it won't always make you popular.
There's just one thing you should try to keep at least some time
for, _____(16)your writing-and that's reading. And writer needs to
read as much and as widely as they can; it's the one
_____(17)supporter-something you can't do without.
Time is finite. The older you get, the _____(18)it seems to go.
We need to use it as carefully and as_____(19)as we can. That
means prioritising our activities so that we spend most time on the
things we really want to do. If you're a writer, that
means_____(20)writing.
1. ult nt
2. ed ed ed
nted
3. h
4. e
5. n er
e
6. -known -advised -informed
-chosen
7. te ment
ate
8. e on ion
9. ght ice ue e
10. ons sts es
11. e
12. up with up of on to
down on
13. igent onal ive
nal
14. on
15.
16. place of charge of response to
addition to
17. ensable tive ble
t
18. r r
19. ully usly tively
ully
20. most turn average
all
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the
questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your
answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
On a recent sunny day13.000 chickens roam over Larry
Brown's 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas. Some rest in the shade
of a parked car others drink water with the cows. This all seems
random, but it's by design, part of what the $6.1 billion US. egg
industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.
These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as
much as $8 a dozen. are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but
they're also from birds that live on farms using regenerative
agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap
greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight
climate change.
"I'm excited about our progress," says Brown, who harvests
eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover
crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The
birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements "allow our
hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for
the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers."
The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal
products from regenerative farms can become the next premium
offering. in barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being
dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at
Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics
and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major
supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful,
it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and
beyond.
Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept
is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of
agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandy
wine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any. improvement to the
food products (though some producers say their eggs have more
protein).
The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more
for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and
pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that
younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and
some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to
shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment.
Young adults "really care about the planet," says John Brunnquell,
president of Eggs Innovations. "They are absolutely altering the food
chain beyond what I think even they understand what they're doing.
21. the climate-friendly eggs are produced _____.
a considerably low cost
the demand of regular shoppers
a replacement for organic eggs
specially designed forms
22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in _____.
ng the damage of climate change
rating the disposal of waste
ng sustainable system
ting customers to his products
23. the example of organic eggs is used in the Paragraph if
to suggest _____.
doubts to over natural feeds
set breaks in the eggs industry
potential of regenerative products
promotional success of super markets
24. It can be learned from paragraph that young people
_____.
reluctant to change their diet
likely to buy climate friendly eggs
curious about new food
amazed at agriculture advances
25 John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton
over regenerative products _____.
s prospects
rd definition
prospect
implication
Text 2
More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a
growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.
One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have
a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey
conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising
is that more than half of "unretirees"-those who plan to work in
retirement or went back to work after retiring -said they would be
employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle
down, the survey showed.
Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the "unretirement"
trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal
fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or
avoiding depression. About 72% of "unretiree" respondents said that
they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59%
said it would be tied to making ends meet.
"The concept of retirement is evolving." said Christine Russell,
senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about
finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working
past retirement."
One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are
living longer. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment
of the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than
previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the
labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of
people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an
all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager
United Income.
Because of longer life spans. Americans are also boosting their
savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed,
which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 "unretirees"
are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. according
to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the
company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life
insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.
Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in
retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about
making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder
at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He
suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set
long-term financial goals.
The most challenging moments in life are getting married,
starting a family and ultimately retiring." Weiss said. "It's not just a
financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they
can't retire.
26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates
that_____.
half of the retirees are physically fit for work
old workforce is as active as the younger one dose
in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement
Americans are willing to work in retirement
27. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Americans
tend to think that_____.
ment may cause problems for them
m can be relieved after retirement
mental health of retirees is overlooked
D."unretirement" contributes to the economy
28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to_____.
shortage
tion growth
life expectancy
living costs
29. Many retirees are increasing their savings by_____.
ing more in stocks
up odd jobs
g well-paid work
ng less
30. With regard to retirement, Bent Weiss thinks that many
people are_____.
ared
id
ointed
iastic
Text 3
We have all encountered them, in both our personal and
professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked o frustrated
by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process
but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple
and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally,
in ways that impair consumer choice. These are example of patterns.
First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brig
null, dark patterns" is a catch-all tern for practices that manipulate
user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brig
null identifies 12 types of common dark patters, ranging from
misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel." where a user
experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult
when the user tries to get out.
In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000
websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these
design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark
patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders
should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they
engender.
Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and
dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT,
compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and
include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and
coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the
marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets,
pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in
creating or avoiding "digital deception."
Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address
the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level.
In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval
of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act
(CCPA) that ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled
when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. "The regulations
aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies from
using" confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them
to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they
shouldn't opt out.
As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,
there is a need for greater accountability form within the business
community. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory
basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just
to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and
standards.
31. It can be learned from the first two paragrphs that dark
patterns _____.
e user experience
user information for profit
ine users decision-making
users of hidden costs
32. The 2019 study on dark pattern is mentioned to show
_____.
major flaws
complex designs
severe damage
strong presence
33. To handle digital deception business should _____.
to customer feedback
with relevant teams
to independent agencies
on professional training
34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are
intended to _____.
user though opt-out processes
t consumers from being tricked
companies data privacy right
ct access to problematic content
35. According to the last paragraph a key to coping with
dark patterns is _____.
legal requirements
ss self-discipline
regulatory standards
ers' safety awareness
Text4
Although ethics classes are common around the world,
scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior;
evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests on
sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in
Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single
ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.
The researchers investigated one class session's impact on
eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons,
according to study co-author Eric Schwitzeebel, a philosopher at the
University of California, Riverside: students' attitudes on the topic
are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics
literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it
reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the
students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics
of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on
the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused
on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the
researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that
semester -nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.
Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect;
he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from
other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates,
blood donation and returning library books. But among student
subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat
decreased from 52 to 45 percent-and this effect held steady for the
study's duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group
remained at 52 percent.
"That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small
intervention," Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at
the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study,
says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some
unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be
reversible by another nudge: Easy come, easy go.
Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social
influence-classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions
may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable
or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional
impact. Least rousing he thinks, was rational argument, although his
co-authors say reason might play a bigger role Now the researchers
are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants"
eating habits and students' video exposure. Meanwhile.
Schwitzgebel-who had predicted no effect will be eating his words.
36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics
classes are _____.
to determine
ly interpreted
ult to ignore
summarized
37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to
study meat eating?
is common among students.
is a behavior easy to measure.
is important to students' health.
is a hot topic in ethics classes.
38. Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings suggest that
ethics professors _____.
seldom critical of their students
less sociable than other professors.
not sensitive to political issues
not necessarily ethically better
39. Nina Strolminger thinks that the effect of the
intervention is _____.
ent
table
ain
atable
40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students' change in
behavior_____.
bring psychological benefits
be analyzed statistically
a result of multiple factors
a sign of self-development
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part B
Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by
choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of
the numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
How to Get Active Again After a Break.
Moving your body has been shown to reduce anxiety and
depression, lower rates of many types of cancer and the risk of a
heart-attack, and improve overall immunity. It also helps build
strength and stamina.
Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of
times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to
many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns, it can be
tricky to know where to start. And it's important to get the right dose
of activity. "Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,"
says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology
department at Indiana University in Bloomington.
The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise
safely after a break.
_____(41)
Don't try to go back to what you were -doing before your break.
If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three
times a week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps
reduce activity to ½ mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once
a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for
one set of 10 reps.
Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. "This isn't
something you can do overnight," Denay says. But you'll reap
benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.
_____(42)
If you're breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back
off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out
after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious
symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath
or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.
_____(43)
Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building
endurance and stamina.
Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus
Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami
Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking
because it's the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it
can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba
classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great
first step.
_____(44)
Even if you can't yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the
moves. With or without a club or racket, swing like you're hitting the
ball. Paddle like you're in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite
swimming strokes. The action will -remind you of the joy the
activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get
out there again.
_____(45)
Exercising with others "Can keep you account-able and make it
more fun, so you're more likely to do it again," Jackovitz says.
You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with
others and still be socially distant. But when you can't connect in
person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend
while you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime or Zoom with
a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.
You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.
SilverSneakers offers them for older adults, or try EverWalk for
virtual challenges.
41._____
low, go slow
out your routine
with your doctor
it a habit
through the motions
't go it alone
to your body
42._____
low, go slow
out your routine
with your doctor
it a habit
through the motions
't go it alone
to your body
43._____
low, go slow
out your routine
with your doctor
it a habit
through the motions
't go it alone
to your body
44._____
low, go slow
out your routine
with your doctor
it a habit
through the motions
't go it alone
to your body
45._____
low, go slow
out your routine
with your doctor
it a habit
through the motions
't go it alone
to your body
Section III Translation
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate
the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be
written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
46. Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely
turn out as originally planned.
Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials
and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start
out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you
expected.
Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out
that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two
benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and
realise that when one door closes, another opens. You also quickly
learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems
the painting presents and thinking outside the box will become your
Second nature. In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly
useful in daily life, with which you're more likely to be able to find a
solution when problem arises.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Direction:Suppose you are planning a campus food
festival, write an mail to international students in your university to
1) introduce the food festival and
2) invite them to participate.
Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name, use "Li Ming" instead. (10
points)
Part B
48.
Direction:Write an essay based on the chart. In your
writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
(15 points)
真题答案：
1－20：BBAADCACCBBCDBAADABCD
21-25:DCCBA
26-30:
31-35:
36-40:
41-45:
46.虽然我们尽了最大的努力，但是有时候我们的作品很少能达到预期的效果。光线的变化，绘画材料的局限性，以及缺乏经验和技巧，这些都意味着你开始想要呈现的效果最终可能并不会像你期望的那样实现。
这虽然可能会让你感到沮丧和失望，但实际上这对你是有好处的。意想不到的结果有两个好处：你很快会学会处理失望，并意识到一扇门关闭，会有另一扇窗打开。你也会很快学会适应并想出创造性的解决方案来解决绘画中出现的问题，并且跳出固有思维模式将会成为你的第二天性。事实上，创造性的解决问题的技巧在日常生活中是非常有用的，当问题出现时，你更有可能找到解决办法。
47.范文：
Dear International Students,
As one of the organizers of Campus Culture Department, I
am writing to invite you to attend the coming Food Festival in our
school.
It would be extremely exciting to taste various traditional
Chinese food from different would be such amazing
food types as Gong Bao Chiken from Sichuan Province and Roast
Beijing Duck from Beijng, which can fully enhance your
cognition on Chinese food culture as well as the costumes featuring
regional characteristics. Additionally, delicious food can arouse the
sense of happiness, giving you all a lovelier experience during the
study in China.
The Food Festival will be held on the west square next to
library, from 9: to 12: this Saturday. An early reply on
our invitation would be appreciated, and we will be delighted if you
could attend the activity.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
48. 范文：
What is profoundly demonstrated in the above column chart is
that dramatic changes have taken place in the total and rural amount
of China's expressage from 2018 to 2020. The total number of
China's expressage increased from 51 billion in 2018 to 64 billion in
2019 and then to about 83 billion in 2020, and meanwhile the
number of the rural expressage also significantly jumped from about
12 billion to 15 billion and then to 30 billion in the same period.
The column chart illustrates the phenomenon that people in
mounting numbers prefer to purchase goods online delivered by the
expressage which ascends impressively both in total and the rural.
Three reasons, in my belief, can account for this trend. First and
foremost, with the acceleration of the society and economy
enormously boosting people's livelihood, the dramatic increase of
expressage has inevitably turned out to be a prevailing trend.
Moreover, the fast pace of modern life and the fierce competition of
society result in people's gradually changed values, leading more and
more people tend to put much emphasis on their convenience in
order to save time and energy. Furthermore, relevant policies issued
by the authorities and government advance the development of the
China's expressage, especially in the rural areas.
From what have been analyzed above, it can be confidently
concluded that this is the natural result of social and economic
development, which complies with the interest of both the country
and the people. Accordingly, it can be predicted that with the
collaboration of the government and individuals, this trend will
definitely continue in the forthcoming years.
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