2024年3月16日发(作者：)

被动语态

一、语态概述：

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。

1.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 例如:Many people speak Chinese.

说明：1、谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。

2.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。例如:Chinese is spoken by many people.

说明：主语English是动词speak的承受者。

二、被动语态的构成：

由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。

注意：人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的；数量随新的主语变，时态和原句保持一样。

现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时 am/is/are+spoken

一般过去时 was/were+spoken

现在完成时 have/has been+spoken

一般将来时 will/shall be+spoken

现在进行时 am/is/are being+spoken

过去进行时 was/were being+spoken

过去完成时 had been+spoken

过去将来时 would be+spoken

含有情态动词 情态动词+be+过去分词

三、被动语态的用法：

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如:Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。

(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。

例如:The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。

This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。

(3)还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：

It is said that„„. 据说

It is hoped that„„. 希望

It is announced that„„. 据宣布

It has been decided that„„. 已经决定

It is suggested that„„. 有人建议

It is reported that„„. 据报道

It is believed that„„. 人们相信

it is (well) known that„„. 众所周知

It is supposed that„„. 人们认为

It must be remembered that„„. 务必记住

例：

It is reported that the weather will be cold tomorrow.

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法：

(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

．．

(2)把谓语变成被动结构“be+过去分词”。

(3)be动词要和新的主语(即原来的宾语)在人称和数量上保持一致，时态和原句一样不变。

(4)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:

(一)“主+谓+宾”结构。

例如：I was doing my honework. → My homework was being done by me.

(二)“主+谓+宾+宾补”结构。

例如：He made me clean the room. → I was made to clean the room.

注意：当主动语态中的谓语动词后接省略to的不定式时，变被动语态时要还原to.

这类动词有：

一感feel 二听listen to；hear 三让let；make；have 四看watch；see；look；notice 半帮助help (to) do

(三)“主+谓+直宾+间宾”结构。

例如：He gave me a pen. → I was given a pen by him./ A pen was given to me .

五、特殊情况

(一)主动语态表被动的情况：

等动词做不及物动词时，它们的助于为物，可用主

动语态表示被动含义。

例如：The kind of coat sells well.

2.感官动词可以表示被动含义。 例如：The news sounds good.

/require/need+doing相当于want/require/need to be done。

例如：My bike needs repairing.= My bike needs to be repaired.

(二)不能变被动语态的情况：

1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。

2.主动句的宾语是反身代词或each other时。

例如：She praised herself. 她自我表扬。

3.主动句的谓语是表状态的动词时，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛

下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。

例如：We have a meeting.

4.主动句的宾语是doing或to do 时。

例如：Climbing trees is dangerous.

(三)其它几点说明：

1.

除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结

构中很少用by短语。

例如：I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。

You might get killed/hurt. 你会送命/受伤的。

2.

“have/get+宾语+过去分词” 这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。

例如：I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。

I had my wallet stolen last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。

He got his leg broken when playing football. 踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。

六、练习

1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语（代词宾格要变成主格）；把原句的谓

语动词变成被动形式（注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换）。复

合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。]

1）He gave me a present. I was given a present by him.

2）My sister made the soup. The soup was made by my sister.

3）The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.

The manager could not be found anywhere in the factory by the workers.

4）The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.

A bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers.

5）The police will surely arrest the thieves. The thieves will surely be arrested by the police.

6）My brother will repair my bike for me. My bike will be repaired by my brother.

7）You must clean your watch once a year. Your watch must be cleaned once a year.

8）I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.

You were not told (that) the job could be done by Xiao Wang.

9）I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.

My dictionary cannot be found. It has been taken by someone.

10）She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.

Her bag cannot be found. It must have been taken by someone.

11）The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.

The teacher was asked by the pupils to tell a story.

12）The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.

Mr. Green was asked by the Association to make a speech.

13）The government is sending him abroad.

He is being sent abroad by the government.

14）He told me to wait here for him.

I was told to wait here for him.

15）Mr. Hopkins has found his wallet.

Mr. Hopkins’ wallet has been found.

16）The workers themselves invented the new machine.

The new machine was invented by the workers themselves.

17）They set up this hospital in 1950.

This hospital was set up in 1950.

18）Tom broke the window.

The window was broken by Tom.

19）Did you write the letter?

Was the letter written by you?

20）They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.

This kind of watches are not made in Beijing.

21）People call him Little Old Man.

He is called Little Old Man.

22）John answered all the questions.

All the questions were answered by John.

23）The farmer was ploughing the field.

The field was being ploughed by the farmer.

24）People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.

English is spoken in almost all the countries of the world.

25）The wind blew the clouds away.

The clouds were blown away by the wind.

26）We shall paint the room.

The room will be painted.

27）Must I do all the exercises on my own?

Must all the exercises be done?

28）I am going to ring Tom up.

Tom is going to be rung up.

29）Everyone expects that he will win.

It is expected that he will win.

He is expected to win.

30）Did you finish your composition in class?

Was your composition finished in class?

31）Do you wash your clothes very often?

Are your clothes washed very often?

32）Have they paid you the money?

Have you been paid the money?

Has the money been paid to you?

33）Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.

We were given an English lesson by Mr. Wang.

An English lesson was given to us by Mr. Wang.

34）He told his brother the news.

His brother was told the news.

2、将下列句子变成主动语态：

1）What were you told to do?

What did they tell you to do?

2）They were made to learn the poem by heart.

The professor made them learn the poem by heart.

3）The house was being cleaned while the dinner was being cooked.

He was cleaning the house while she was cooking the dinner.

4）It must have been done by an artist.

An artist must have done it.

5）The business has been taken over by his competitors.

His competitors have taken over the business.

6）Such customs should be done away with.

We should do away with such customs.

7）Why haven't the letters been written?

Why haven't you written the letters?

8）It must be done at once.

You must do it at once.

9）I ought to have been told sooner.

You ought to have told me sooner.

10）I wasn't told that he had been dismissed.

They didn't tell me that they had dismissed him.

3、用被动语态翻译以下句子（做翻译时，首先要看用什么句型和结构，再看用什么谓语动词，然后看用

什么时态。这些是汉译英的关键。）

1）没有人强迫你去做那项工作。

You are not forced/compelled to do the work.

2）这个班由布朗先生教英语。

The class is taught English by Mr. Brown.

3）那棵大树被风刮倒了。

That big tree was blown down by the wind.

4）这间教室靠两个火炉取暖。

This classroom is heated by two stoves.

5）这篇文章是汤姆写的吗？

Was the article written by Tom?

6）你会得到老师们的帮助。

You will be helped by the teachers.

7）恐怕你要挨批评了。

I am afraid you will be criticized.

8）那封信已由王林写好。

The letter has been written by Wang Lin.

9）电影放映之前，票已全部售出。

All the tickets had been sold out before the film began.

10）试卷上所有的题目都必须做吗？

Must all the questions on the paper be answered?

11）我们学校正在修建一个新的化学实验室。

A new chemistry lab is being built in our school.

12）电视机关上了。

The television has been turned off.

13）在生产中可以很好地利用原子能。

Atomic/Nuclear energy can be made good use of in production.

14）大家知道，物质是在不断运动和变化的。

It is well known that matter is in constant motion and constant change.

15）有人看见他和李红在一起。

He was seen with Li Hong.

16）据报道，一两天内有大雨。

It is reported that there will be a heavy rain in a day or two.

17）林肯在竞选参议员失败后两年，当选为美国总统。

Two years after he was defeated in the Senate race, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the

United States.

18）他父亲被派到南京出差去了。

His father has been sent to Nanjing on business.

19）-新方案实行了吗？

-没有，还在计划中。听说还在提出各种建议。

-新方案完成时就要采取下一个步骤了。

-Has the new program been started yet?

-No, it is still being planned. It is said that suggestions are still being made.

-The next step will be taken when the new program is worked out.

20）-那个电话是什么时候打的？

-我想是昨天晚上打的。

-When was the telephone call made?

-I think it was made last night.