2024年5月5日发(作者：)

美国临时禁令制度

A Temporary Injunction USA System

1. Introduction

In American, ban refers to infringement by court order to

stop all acts of infringement for the duration of the patent right,

including the dire ct infringement tort and tort induced help. The

great majority of case s in violation of intellectual property rights

in the intellectual propert y right, the most important remedy are

to prevent further violations of the ban. The important

significance of injunctive relief is it reflects pri mary value of

intellectual property rights. The procedure is finished as a point

of difference, America ban divided into permanent injunction and

interlocutory injunction. A permanent injunction system

complete d the whole litigation evidence in the court hearing,

give the plaintiff' s full injunctive relief, and interlocutory

injunction is in the litigation process. In order to avoid the

plaintiff suffered temporary irreparable d amage, short term,

before the court decided a permanent injunction gra nted relief

measures.

2. Ban system division

Based on the basic legal system American follow legal

patterns in the UK, US ,Britain has many similarities in the

temporary injunction syst em, USA ban system mainly divides

into the temporary restraining or der, a preliminary injunction

and permanent injunction, temporary rest raining order and

preliminary injunction relative Yu Yong long ban, b

elonging to the temporary ban measures. In the judicial

practice US A, often in the case will ban called "very legal relief",

its purpose is t o be clear right or public interests of the applicant

will face greater d amage when requested by the applicant, take

the act or omission of t he relief measures.

2.1 temporary restraining orders

Temporary restraining order as a preliminary injunction,

according to t he applicant's unilateral application, starting in

proceedings before, an d in written or oral form to. Only in some

special cases, such as the cl ear direct irreparable may be issued

a ban on the pre hearing loss or i n writing that it has made the

effort and should not be issued a notic e of the reasons was

established, allowing the court without notice by the applicant or

his solicitor and promulgated. In view of this situati on a

temporary restraining order, all the parties have not received noti

ce of decision to ban, unavoidably cause absent rights of injustice,

there fore the effective period of temporary restraining order in

short, mad e 10 days after the termination, unless the applicant

has the reason tha t the ban may be extended by 10 days or be

the applicant's consent, te mporary restraining order may be

extended by 10 days, of course, in this period, so that the court

does not revoke the temporary restraini ng order, the applicant

shall promptly apply for a preliminary injuncti on, when the

temporary restraining order obtained, without notice by t

he applicant, the applicant shall apply within 2 days or the

court requi red a shorter period of time and the temporary

restraining order rulin g sent by the applicant, in this period, the

applicant is entitled to requ est the court and apply for

revocation of the ruling, change, in this c ase, the court should

be in a fair and equitable principles of timely t o the request of

the applicant for trial, to decide whether to withdraw or change

the ruling.

2.2 preliminary injunctions

A preliminary injunction and preliminary injunction, is sued

in the app licant before the final judgment, hearings and debate

procedure by co urt relief measures, their effectiveness until the

final judgment on the date of entry into force. And the temporary

restraining order as temp orary measures, but a different

preliminary injunction is procedural req uirements are very strict,

general ban must go through to the respond ent a notice, for

cross examination, the program through the evidence c an be

used as the basis for the final judgment. Specifically, Americ

a court for a preliminary injunction

Applicable to perform two procedures usually require:

First, a preliminary injunction must be by notice to the other

party t o make the program; second, through qualitative

evidence at the hearin g procedures, can with the court of

substantial merger, merger or after the trial court decision in the

preliminary injunction application starte

d trial has th

e right o

f substantive dispute even if the courts do not t he decision

to merge, in the substantive rights in court after evidenc e can be

used as a preliminary injunction decision was adopted althou gh

this is the two independent program, but the effective

information obtained from the court decision as basis, to avoid

the court repeated su rvey, for the same facts of course, in the

program. The parties shall h ave the right to a jury.

3. Ban application procedures

Temporary restraining order shall be in written or oral form

by notice to the other party. But in certain circumstances, a

temporary restrain ing order can not be oral or written notice to

the other party and ma ke. USA "federal rules of civil procedure"

sixty-fifth (b) in this cas

e were strictly limited to: (I) affidavit or by specific facts

presented to verify the indictment clearly indicate that, before

the hearing in the o ther party or against the law, the applicant

will have a direct irreparabl e rights damage, loss or damage; (II)

the applicant's lawyer in writing t o the court to prove the

announcement made efforts and its proo

f shoul d not notice reasons. Any temporary restrainin

g order issued without n otice, shall indicate time. Temporary

restraining order shall terminate at the expiration of 10 days due

to the court during the post, unless the re is a valid reason or

been made to bathe parties agreed, the period

D may be extended for 10 days. If the temporary restraining

order is not issued by notice, preliminary injunction applications

should be sub mitted as early as possible trial. When the

application to be heard, to obtain temporary restraining order

shall continue to apply for a preli minary injunction, if the parties

do not apply, the court shall revoke t he temporary restraining

order. Fails to notify the other party won a t emporary restraining

order the parties, shall be provided within 2 day s or the court of

a shorter time to inform each other. In the meantim e, the other

party may appear in the court and apply for cancellation or

alteration of the temporary restraining order; in this case, the

cour t should be based on the purpose of justice on the

application rapid tr ial and judgment. Different from the

temporary restraining order, a pr eliminary injunction issued by

the former must notify the other part y, the parties have the

opportunity to provide evidence for cross exam ination.

美国临时禁令制度

1引言

在美国，禁令是指由法院作出的命令侵权人在专利权有效期间停

止一切侵权行为，包括直接侵权、诱导侵权以及帮助侵权。在知识产

权受到侵害的大多数情形中，对知识产权权人最为重要的救济就是

判给其防止进一步侵权的禁令。禁令救济的重要意义在于其折射

出知识产权权的首要价值。以诉讼是否结束作为区别点，美国的禁令

分为永久性禁令与中间禁令。永久性禁令系在法院完成了整个诉讼依

据之听证后，给予原告之完整的禁止性救济，而中间禁令则是在诉讼

过程中.为了避免原告遭受不可弥补损害之暂时性的、短期的、在法院

决定永久性禁令之前所给予之救济措施。

2禁令制度划分

基于美国的法律制度基本仿效了英国的法律模式,美、英两国在临

时禁令制度上存在诸多相同之处，美国的禁令制度主要分为临时限制

令、初步禁令和永久禁令，临时限制令和初步禁令相对于永久禁令而

言，属于临时禁令措施。在美国的司法实践中，常在判例中将禁令称

为“非常的法律救济”，其目的旨在当申请人的明确权利或公共利益

将面临更大的损害时，采取的要求被申请人的作为或不作为的救济措

施。

2.1 临时限制令

临时限制令作为初步禁令的前一阶段，依申请人的单方申请，在

诉讼前启动，并以书面或口头形式作出。仅在某些特殊情况下，如原

告清晰表明在发出禁令听审前可能发生直接的不可挽回的损失或以书

面形式证明其已作出的努力及不应发出通知的理由成立时，允许法院

不经通知被申请人或其律师而直接颁布。鉴于临时限制令的这一情形，

并非所有当事人都收到禁令决定的通知，难免造成对缺席者权利的不

公正对待，因此，临时限制令的有效期间较短，在作出后的 10 日

后终止，除非申请人有理由表明该禁令可以再延长 10 日或被申请

人同意的情况下，临时限制令可以再延长 10 日，当然在此期间，为使

得法院不撤销临时限制令，申请人应当及时申请初步禁令，当临时限

制令的获得，没有通知被申请人时，申请人应在 2日内或法院要求的

更短时间内将申请和临时限制令的裁定一并送达被申请人，在该期限

内，被申请人则有权要求出庭并申请撤销、变更该裁定，这种情况下，

法院应当以公平公正的原则及时对被申请人的请求进行审理，以决定

是否作出撤销或变更的裁定。

2.2 初步禁令

初步禁令又称预备性禁令，是在申请人提起诉讼后，法院作出最

终判决前，经过听证和辩论程序由法院作出的救济措施，其效力持续

到最终判决生效之日。与临时限制令同为临时救济措施，但初步禁令

的一个不同之处在于程序要求非常严格，一般禁令的颁布都必须经过

向被申请人送达通知，进行交叉质证，该程序中的经过质证的证据可

以作为法院作出最终判决的依据。具体而言，美国的法院对初步禁令

的适用上通常要求履行两个程序：

第一，初步禁令必须经过向对方当事人发出通知的程序后才可作

出；第二，在听审程序中经过质证证据，可以与法院的实体审理进行

合并，即法院可以决定在初步禁令的申请开始听审前或之后有权进行

实体纠纷的合并审理，即使法院没有进行这种合并决定，在实体权益

庭审中经过质证的证据可以作为初步禁令决定的依据进行采纳，这样

虽然是两个独立程序，但是从中获取的有效信息可以作为法院作出决

定的依据，避免了法院对同一事实的重复调查，当然，在这些程

序中，当事人有权要求陪审团的参与。

3禁令的申请程序

临时限制令一般应当以书面或口头形式向对方当事人发出通知。

但在一些特定情况下，临时限制令可以不用书面或口头通知对方当事

人而作出。美国《联邦民事诉讼规则》第65条（b）对这种情况进行

了严格限制：（ⅰ）宣誓陈述书或经核实的起诉状中提出的特定事实

清楚地表明，在对方当事人或其律师获得对抗的听审之前，申请人将

遭到直接的不可弥补的权利侵害、损失或损害；（ⅱ）申请人的律师

以书面方式向法院证明其为送达通知而做过的努力以及其证明不应发

出通知的理由成立。任何未经通知发出的临时限制令，应注明发出的

时日。临时限制令应在作出后10日内因法院决定的期间届满而终止，

除非有正当理由或被作出禁令的当事人表示同意，则此期间可再延长

10天。如果临时限制令不经通知而发出，初步禁令的申请应尽可能早

地审理。当申请被审理时，获得临时限制令的当事人应继续申请初步

禁令，如果该当事人不申请，法院应撤销临时限制令。未通知对方当

事人而获得临时限制令的当事人，则应2日内或法院规定的更短时间

内通知对方。在此期间，对方当事人可出庭并申请撤销或变更该项临

时限制令，在这种情况下，法院应基于公正的目的对该申请迅速审理

并作出裁判。与临时限制令不同，初步禁令发出前必须通知对方当事

人，使双方当事人均有机会提供证据进行交叉质证。