2024年4月14日发(作者:)

九上语法

I.数词(Numerals)

1.英语中百位数与十位数之间要用and连接(美国英语中and可省略),在千位数中,如果百位数为

零,要在千位数的后面加and,千位数与百位数之间不用任何词或符号连接。如:

129 one hundred and twenty-nine

103 one hundred and three

one/a hundred thousand。如:

11 321 eleven thousand,three hundred and twenty-one

123 456 one hundred and twenty-three thousand,four hundred and fifty-six

2 432 529 two million,four hundred and thirty-two thousand,five hundred and twenty-nine

1 015 one thousand and fifteen

2 468 two thousand,four hundred and sixty-eight

2.英语中表示数词“万”要在thousand前加上十位数或百位数,“万”为ten thousand,“十万”为

II.不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns)

不明确指代某(些)事物或某(些)人的代词叫做不定代词。

许多

一些

a few

几乎没有

指两者

两者以上

Some-

someone

somebody

something

anybody

anything

nobody

nothing

everybody

everything

any--

anyone

no-

no one/none

every-

everyone

每个

each

each/ every

任何一个

either

any

全都

both

all

都不

neither

none/no

另一个

(the) other

another

few

可数

many

some, any

a little

little

不可数

much

1. some-/any-复合代词的用法与some/any的用法基本一致。肯定句以及期待肯定回答的疑问句中通常用

前者;否定句和疑问句通常用后者。如:

I saw someone in the room.我看见房间里有人。

Would you like something to drink?你要点儿喝的东西吗?

She didn’t say anything.她什么也没说。

2.不定代词在句中可以作主语、表语和宾语。如:

Everyone in our class likes sports.我们班的每个人都喜欢运动。(作主语)

I know nothing about this.我对此事一^无所知。(作宾语)

Money isn’t everything.金钱不是一切。(作表语)

3.不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:

Somebody has turned off the light.有人把灯关了。

Everything goes well. —切进展顺利。

4.形容词修饰不定代词时应该放在不定代词之后。如:

He did everything possible to make her happy.他做了他所能做的一切事情逗她开心。

I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。

III.构词法(Word Formation)

语言按一定的规律和习惯创造新词。英语的构词方法主要有四种:合成、派生、转化和缩略。合成是

指由两个或两个以上的词构成一个新词;派生是指一个词通过加前缀或后缀构成一个新词;转化是指由一

类词转化为另一类或几类词;缩略是指一个词通过缩略方法构成一个新词。通过前三种方法构成的新词词

义有变化,而第四种方法不改变原词义。

1.合成法(Compounding)

(1 )合成名词,如:classroom(教室),spaceship(宇宙飞船),blackboard(黑板),firewood (木柴),toothbrush

(牙刷)

(2) 合成形容词,如:overtime(超时的),good-looking(好看的),handmade

hard-working(勤劳的),kind-hearted(好心的)

(3) 合成代词,如:herself(她自已),ourselves(我们自己),somebody/someone (某人),nothing (没有

东西),anything(任何东西)

(4) 合成动词,如:sleepwalk(梦游),whitewash(粉刷),underline( 在…e12s4d 下画线),丨

overcome

(克服)

2.派生词(Derivation)

(1)前缀(Prefix)

前缀

dis-

im-

in-

inter-

表示“不”

表示“不”

表示“不”|

义 例词

dislike(不喜欢),disappear(消失),disagreement(不同意),

disappointed(失望的),discover(发现)

impossible (不可能的),impolite (不礼貌的)

incorrect(不正确的),indirect( N接的),incomplete(不完整的)

(手工制作的),

表示“互相”,“在……之间” international(国际的),Intemet(因特网),interview(采访)

mistake(错误),misun(丨erstand(误解)

non-fiction(非小说类文学作品),non- cooperation(不合作)

pre-school(学前),pre-reading(读前的),preview(预习)

relell(复述),rewrite(重写),return(返回),rvview(复习)

下面” subway (地铁)

supermarket(超市),superman(超人),superstar(超级明星)

telephone (电话),telescope(望远镜)

unhappy(不幸福的),unfair(不公平的),unlike(不像),

uncertain(不确信的),unkimwn(未知的),uni丨sual(不同寻常的)

(2)后缀(Suffix)

后缀通常使词由一种词类转为另一种词类。常见的后缀有:

表示“错误”

mis-

表示“不”

non-

表示“在…. 之前”

pre-

表示“重复”

re-

表不在……

sub-

super-

un-

表示“超”

表示“不”,“非”

表示“远”

tele-

①构成名词常用的后缀

-an :American (美国人),Italian (意大利人)

-er: worker(工人),driver(司机),teacher(教师),player(选手),painter(绘画者)

-ess:actress(女演员),waitress(女服务员)

-or: actor(演员),visitor(参观者),sailor(海员)

-ian: musician (音乐家)

-ist: artist(艺术家),scientist(科学家)

-ance : appearance (出现),performance (表演)

-ing : reading(阅读),swimming(游泳),hearing(听力)

-ment : agreement(同意),basement(地下室),announcement(通知),entertainment(娱乐)-ness :

illness(疾病),homelessness(无家可归),kindness(慈祥),happiness(幸福)

-sion : decision (决定),discussion (讨论),conclusion (结论)

-tion: education(教育),organization(组织),invention(发明)

-th : truth (事实)

②构成形容词常用的后缀

-al: national(民族的),environmental(环境的),personal(个人的),educational(有教育意义的)-able :

countable (可数的),changeable (易变的),reusable (可循环利用的)

-ed :surprised (惊奇的),fried(油煎的)

-en: woolen(羊毛的),wooden(木料的),golden(金黄色的)

-ful: useful(有用的),beautiful(美丽的),successful(成功的),harmful(有害的)

-ing :interesting (有趣的),exciting (令人兴奋的)

-ic/-cal :heroic(英雄的),historic (有历史意义的),historical (历史上的)

-ive: creative (创造性的)

-less :homeless(无家可归的),useless(无用的)

-ly:friendly(友好的),lovely(可爱的)-OUS: dangerous (危险的)

-y :cloudy (阴天的),windy (有风的)

③构成动词常用的后缀

-en: deepen(加深) -ize: apologize(道歉),modernize(儀现推化) ④构成副词常用的后缀

-ly :carefully(小心地),quickly (迅速地),orally( 口头地)

3.转化法(Conversion)

(1)名词转化为动词:water(水→浇水),hand(手→传递),color(颜色→染色)

(2) 形容词转化为名词:daily (日常的→日报),high(高的→最高水平)

(3) 动词转化为名词:look(看,瞧),talk(谈话),swim(游泳)

(4) 形容词转化为动词:clean(清洁的→清扫),slow(慢的→放慢)

(5) 副词转化为动词:down(向下→打倒,放下)

注:一个词也可以不经过任何变化由一种词类转化为另外几种词类。如like既可以作动词,

又可以作名词、介词、连词、形容词和副词。

4.缩略法(Acronym Formation)

TV = television (电视),ad = advertisement (广告),WWW = World Wide Web (万维网)

DIY = do it yourself(自己动手),WTO = World Trade Organization(世贸组织)

HK = Hong Kong(香港),BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation (英国广播公司 )

IV.现在完成时(Present Perfect)

1. 现在完成时的构成

现在完成时由“助动词have/has +动词的过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例,将现在完成时的肯

定式、否定式和疑问式及其简略答语列表如下:

肯定式

I/You have worked.

He/She/It has worked.

We/You/They have worked.

否定式

I/You have not worked.

He/She/It has not worked.

We/You/They have not worked.

疑问式和简略答语

Have I/you worked?

Has he/she/it worked?

Havewe/you/they worked?

Yes,you/1 have.

Yes,he/she/it has.

No, you/I haven’t.

No, he/she/it hasn’t.

Yes,you/we/they have. No,you/we/they haven’t.

注:规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去式相同;不规则动词的过去分词见本书《不规则动词表》

2. 现在完成时的用法

用法

表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成

的影响或结果。

表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,可以

在内)的一段时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状

态的动词多是延续性动词。

例句

--Have you found him yet?

—No,he has probably gone home.(现在不在这里)

I haven’t seen her these days.

How long have you been like this?

I have been like this since last month.

She has lived here for three years.

现在完成时可以和just,already,yet,ever,never,

I’ve just called you.

before 等词连用。 She has already finished it.

Has Kangkang come back yet?

Have you ever cooked at home?

I have never seen such a beautiful place before.

have/has been to 和have/has gone to 的区别:

gone to 表示 “已经去某地了”。

—Where have you been?

—Where is Jane?

—She has gone to Beijing•(去北京了,不在此处)

3. 短暂性动词的完成时态不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,当它需要与表示一段时间的时间

状语连用时,通常要进行词语转化,其转化形式为:

buy—have come —be get to know — know

begin— be on catch a cold — have a cold marry— be married

borrow —keep die — be dead leave — be away( from)

close — be closed fall ill — be ill join — be a member of /be in

The film has been on for half an hour.(正) The film has begun for half an hour.(误)

The bookstore has been close since last month,(正) The bookstore has closed since last month.(误)

注:短暂性动词的完成时态在否定句中可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:

I haven’t seen him for a long time.我已经好久没有看到他了。

4. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情

况,所以它不能直接和表过去某一^时间的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last night,three weeks

ago,in 2007等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,强调的是过去的情况,它

可以和表示过去某一时间的时间状语连用。如:

I have been to Beijing.我去过北京。(我对北京有所了解)

和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”He has taught us since I came to this school.

have/has been to表示“曾经到过某地”。have/has —I have been to Beijing•(去过北京,已经回来)

I went to Beijing last year.我去年去过北京。(只说我去年去过北京,不涉及现在的情况)

She has lived here since 2000. 2000年以来她一直住在这里。(她现在还住在这里)

She lived here in 2000. 2000年她住在这里。(不涉及现在她是否还住在这里)

V. 被动语态(The Passive Voice)

英语动词有两种语态,主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)。主动

语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如:

Granny takes care of the girl.奶奶照顾小女孩。

(Granny是动作take care of的执行者,属主动语态)

The girl is taken care of by Granny.小女孩由奶奶来照顾。

(the girl是动作take care of的承受者,属被动语态)

1. 被动语态的构成被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。be有人称、数和时态的变化,

其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为系动词时完全一样。如:

English is widely used around the world.英语在世界上被广泛使用。

English is not widely used around the world.英语在世界上不被广泛使用。

Is English widely used around ihe world?英语在世界上被广泛使用吗?

Yes,it is. / No, it isn’t.是的。/不,不被广泛使用。

Why is English used widely?为什么英语被广泛使用?

The bulb was invented in 1879.灯泡是1879 年发明的。

Where were laptops invented?笔记本电脑在哪发明的?

I don’t think aliens will be found in space.我认为在太空中IF会发现I外星人。

When will the movie be shown?电影何时上映?

2.被动语态的用法

当我们只需强调动作的承受者,或者不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行

者时,要用被动语态。动作的执行者一般由by引出或省略。如:

Spanish is spoken as the official language there.在那儿,西班牙语是官方语言。

It was created by American scientists in 1997.它于1997 年丨t]美国科学家创建。

The problem has been solved.(现在完成时)这个问题已经得到了解决。

I was bought a cellphone by my father last week. =A cellphone was bought for me by my father last

week.上周我父亲给我买了一部手机。

注:(1)不及物动词不能直接用于被动语态。如: .

The girl will be well cared for.这个女孩将被很好地照顾。

(2)主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to的不定式,如make/see/feel/hear/notice sb, do sth. 等,在变被

动句时,要加上to。如:

They heard a girl sing in the next room.他们听到隔壁房间有个女孩在唱歌。

—A girl was heard to sing in the next room (by them) 。

VI.并列句(Compound Sentences)

并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子,连词前可用逗号,也可不用

逗号。

1. 表示并列关系,常用连接词有and等。如:

His fathrr is a teacher and his mother is a doctor.他的父亲是一^位老师,母亲是一^位医生。

2. 表示转折关系,常用连词but,while等。如:

I bought my sister a present,but she didn’t like it.我给妹妹买了一^件礼物,但是她并不喜欢。

Tom does housework every day while his sister does nothing.汤姆每天都做家务活,而他的妹妹

什么也不做。

3.表示选择关系,常用连词or,either…or…等。如:

Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it.你自己做这件事,或者请别人做也可以。

Either he could not come or he did not want to.他要么是不能来,要么是不想来。

4.表示因果关系,常用连词so, for等。如:

Her mother is ill,so she has to stay at home and look after her.她的母亲病了,所以她不得不待在家

里照顾她。

The ground is very wet,for it rained last night.地面很湿,因为昨晚下雨了。

VH.定语从句I (Attributive Clauses I )

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。从句放

在所修饰词(即先行词)之后,由关系代词引导。如:

The story (that) you read is The Rescue.你读的故事是《营救》。

He who laughs last laughs best。笑到最后的人笑得最好。

以上两句中的story和he是先行词,that和who为关系代词,分别在定语从句中充当宾语和主语。

由关系代词引导的定语从句

由关系代词引导的定语从句

引导词

who

whom

which

whose

that

所修饰的先行词

人或物

人或物

在从句中所作的成分

主语、宾语、表语

宾语

主语、宾语

定语

主语、宾语、表语

例句

The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is

from Canada.(作主语)

The boy (whom) we met is Li Ming’s brother.(作

宾语)

The fish which we bought were not fresh(作宾

语)

Hang is the boy whose mother is our maths

teacher.(作定语)

A plane is a machine that can fly.(作主语)